Antimicrobials

Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis, particularly targeting multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and is used for treating complicated urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia.

Anthracycline is a class of chemotherapy drugs, which are anthraquinone antibiotics derived from the bacterial genus Streptomyces. They exert their therapeutic effects primarily through intercalation into DNA, disrupting the function of enzymes such as topoisomerase II, thus preventing the transcription and replication processes in rapidly dividing cancer cells. Furthermore, they generate free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage. These mechanisms collectively result in apoptosis of malignant cells. Anthracyclines are utilized extensively in oncology for the treatment of various malignancies, including leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, and sarcomas. The efficacy of anthracyclines in inhibiting tumor growth must be balanced against their cardiotoxic potential, which is a significant consideration in their clinical use. This dual nature makes them both pivotal and challenging in chemotherapy regimens, necessitating careful management and monitoring throughout treatment.

Abacavir is an antiviral nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used for the treatment of HIV. This drug inhibits the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) both by competing with dGTP and by its incorporation into viral DNA.

Ticarcillin disodium salt is a beta-lactam antibiotic that has in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Ticarcillin is active against penicillinase-producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Furthermore, it inhibits transpeptidase activity of the cell wall of bacteria which prevents peptidoglycan synthesis. It is bactericidal for many bacteria at low concentrations.

Ciprofloxacinhydrochloride, the hydrochloride salt form of ciprofloxacin is afluoroquinolone that exerts its antibacterial activity by inhibiting DNK gyrase (topoisomerase II) which inhibits relaxation of supercoiled DNA and promotes breakage of double-stranded DNA. Also, ciprofloxacine inhibits cytochrome P450 CYP1A2. Ciprofloxacine is a broad spectrum antibiotic,effective against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria: Enterobacteriaceae, H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae, Campylobacter spp and Pseudomonas with clinical application for complicated urinary tract infections, respiratory infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains inpatients with cystic fibrosis, invasive otitis externa caused by P. aeruginosa, chronic osteomyelitis caused by gram negative organisms, eradication of Salmonella, gonorrhoea, bacterial prostatitis, cervicitis, anthrax.

Inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; inhibitor of protein synthesis

Ketolide; binds bacterial ribosomes and inhibits translation

Gramicidin S TFA salt is a cyclic peptide antibiotic, which is originally derived from the soil bacterium Bacillus brevis. Its mode of action involves disrupting bacterial cell membranes by integrating into the lipid bilayer, which affects membrane integrity and leads to cell lysis. The unique cyclic dodecapeptide structure allows Gramicidin S to interact specifically with membrane lipids, forming pores that increase permeability and ion flux.In terms of applications, Gramicidin S is primarily used in research settings for studying membrane dynamics and permeability. Its potent antibiotic activity makes it a valuable compound in bacteriological studies, particularly for investigating multi-drug resistance mechanisms and testing novel antimicrobial strategies. Additionally, due to its peptide nature, it serves as a model compound for the design of synthetic analogs aimed at overcoming bacterial resistance.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic of cephalosporin class, which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting the penicillin-binding protein, involved in peptidoglycan synthesis. This third-generation cephalosporin is very active against Pseudomonas species and can also be used to treat bacterial meningitis as it penetrates in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Neospiramycin I is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections in research applications.

Pazufloxacin hydrochloride is a synthetic antibacterial agent, which is derived from the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics with a broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial pathogens. This compound, sourced through chemical synthesis, functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. The inhibition of these enzymes leads to the disruption of bacterial DNA processes, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.

Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic with action on anaerobic bacteria and protozoa by disrupting DNA synthesis and is used for treating infections like bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and certain parasitic infections.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; glycylcycline class

Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class

Ornidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic with action on DNA synthesis disruption in anaerobic bacteria and protozoa and is used for treating infections like amoebiasis, giardiasis, and trichomoniasis.

Emodepside is a cyclooctadepsipeptide anthelmintic with action on latrophilin receptors in nematodes and is used for treating parasitic infections in animals.

Ofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections like pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.

Amopyroquine is an antimalarial agent and is used for the treatment of malaria. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of haem polymerase in the parasite, leading to the accumulation of toxic haem

Olaquindox is a quinoxaline derivative antibiotic with action on bacterial growth suppression in the gut and is used for promoting growth and controlling bacterial infections in livestock.

Taniborbactam is a groundbreaking boronic acid-based beta-lactamase inhibitor, which is a chemically synthesized compound designed to enhance the efficacy of beta-lactam antibiotics. Its mode of action involves the irreversible inhibition of a wide range of beta-lactamase enzymes, including both serine and metallo-beta-lactamases, which are responsible for the antibiotic resistance in many bacterial pathogens. By binding to the active sites of these enzymes, Taniborbactam prevents them from hydrolyzing the beta-lactam ring, thus restoring the antibacterial activity of beta-lactam antibiotics.

Pristinamycin is a streptogramin antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating staphylococcal and streptococcal infections, including MRSA.

Puromycin is active against both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Puromycin resistance gene (pac) is a common choice for the selection of mammalian cells since its first application in 1988, especially for therapeutic proteins in mammalian cells where it was used to produce high levels of protein of interest. Puromycin can also be used as a selection marker for Archea.

Stavudine is an antiviral, reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used to treat HIV/AIDS. It belongs to the group of nucleoside analogues of thymidine that is converted into stavudine monophosphate. Stavudine works by inhibiting viral replication by preventing the incorporation of viral dNTPs into the growing DNA chain, thus blocking DNA synthesis.

Phleomycin HCl is an antibiotic compound derived from *Streptomyces verticillus*, which is known for its robust DNA-cleaving activity. As an antibiotic, it functions primarily by inducing breaks in DNA strands, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription processes. This mechanism of action is particularly effective in targeting rapidly dividing cells, making Phleomycin a valuable tool in molecular biology.

Sulfasalazine is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) with action on reducing inflammation and immune system activity and is used for treating rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

Aureothricin is a dithiolopyrrolone antibiotic and is used for its antimicrobial properties. It inhibits transcription in bacteria, leading to growth inhibition

Voriconazole is a synthetic, lipophilic molecule that is used in the treatment of fungal infections. Voriconazole binds to ergosterol which is the major sterol in the cell wall of fungi and inhibits its synthesis, leading to cell death. This drug binds to the enzyme 14α-demethylase allowing the conversion of lanosterol into ergosterol. As a result, this binding leads to the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis, as well as other sterols that are necessary for fungal growth (e.g., squalene).

Nisin (>900 IU/mg, contains min 50% NaCl) is a lantibiotic peptide with action on bacterial cell membranes and is used for preserving food and controlling gram-positive bacteria.

Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall biogenesis; penicillin class

Milbemycin oxime is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent with action on glutamate-gated chloride channels in parasites and is used for preventing heartworm and treating intestinal worms in animals.

Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one HCl, also known as MIT hydrochloride is often used as a preservative in personal care products and other industrial applications. The product has shown to act as an antimicrobial and antifungal agent.

Inhibitor of DNA synthesis; fluoroquinolone class

Tebipenem is a carbapenem antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, including complicated urinary tract infections.

Delafloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.

Lomefloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It is used for treating bacterial infections like bronchitis and urinary tract infections.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; glycylcycline class

Binds to 70S ribosomal subunit; inhibits translocation and induces miscoding

STAADIUM™ PeptiZide L-Ala is a targeted inhibitor for L-alanine aminopeptidase-producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUM™ PeptiZide L-Ala is triggered by the enzyme L-alanine aminopeptidase, an enzyme located in the bacterial cell wall and is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. L-alanine aminopeptidase has not been experimentally detected in Campylobacter species, anaerobic bacilli, Gram-positive and Gram-variable bacteria. More details in the application notes document.

Cephradine is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections like urinary tract infections, respiratory infections, and skin infections.

Anti-malarial quinine analogue; effective against Covid-19 infection in vitro

Caspofungin is an echinocandin that belongs to the class of antifungal agents. It is used to treat Aspergillus and Candida infections. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of beta-(1,3)-D-glucan, an essential component of the cell wall of Aspergillus species and Candida species.

Famciclovir is a guanosine analogue antiviral agent that is used for the treatment of various herpesvirus infections, most commonly for herpes zoster. It works by inhibiting the replication of the herpes virus. Famciclovir prevents viral DNA synthesis by inhibiting the viral DNA polymerase and by blocking viral DNA replication. Its active form is penciclovir.

Herbicidin B is a natural herbicidal compound, which is a secondary metabolite produced through the fermentation of certain Streptomyces species. This compound functions as a potent inhibitor of plant growth by interfering with essential physiological processes within the plant cells. The mode of action of Herbicidin B primarily involves disruption of metabolic pathways that are critical for the development and survival of plants, leading to effective control of undesired vegetation.

STAADIUMTM GalactoZide II is a targeted inhibitor for β-galactosidase producing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of STAADIUMTM GalactoZide II is triggered by the enzyme β-galactosidase which is produced by E.coli (EHEC), thermophilic lactic acid bacteria, and other coliform bacteria. STAADIUMTM GalactoZide II can help to selectively inhibit the growth of E. coli in complex bacterial cultures and canbe used in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. STAADIUMTM GalactoZide II is not compatible with some experimental conditions, e.g. pH indicators such as neutral red, indigo stains, and possibly H2S staining. STAADIUMTM GalactoZide II can be added as an enzyme-specific selective supplement to agar plates and as an enrichment agent to broth culture.

Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall biogenesis; cephalosporin

Emtricitabine is an antiviral drug that is used to treat chronic viral hepatitis, which is caused by the hepatitis B and C viruses. The drug blocks the activity of reverse transcriptase, which is an enzyme necessary for the replication of viral RNA in the body. Emtricitabine has been shown to be effective against acute hepatitis B virus infection and chronic hepatitis B virus infection with or without cirrhosis. It also has been shown to be effective against chronic hepatitis C virus infection with or without cirrhosis.

Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit ATPase activity and is used for treating staphylococcal infections and research on DNA replication.

Amphotericin A is a polyene macrolide antibiotic, which is derived primarily from the soil bacterium *Streptomyces nodosus*. This compound functions by binding to ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This binding creates pores in the membrane, increasing its permeability and ultimately leading to cell death. Unlike its more widely used counterpart Amphotericin B, Amphotericin A is less frequently utilized but is critical in the study and understanding of antifungal activity.

Amicoumacin B is a potent antibiotic, which is isolated from the bacterial species Bacillus pumilus. It acts by inhibiting protein synthesis, targeting the ribosomal 30S subunit and disrupting translational fidelity in bacterial cells. This interference in protein production leads to the effective elimination of various Gram-positive and certain Gram-negative bacteria.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; streptogramin

Tomopenem is a carbapenem antibiotic, which is a product of synthetic origin with broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls through binding to penicillin-binding proteins, thereby disrupting the structural integrity of the cell wall and leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.

Validoxylamine A is an antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of the Actinomyces species. It functions as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glucose isomerase, which plays a crucial role in the isomerization of glucose to fructose, an important biochemical reaction in various microbial and plant systems.

Methacycline HCl is a tetracycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.

Levamisole is a synthetic imidazothiazole derivative belonging to the family of anthelmintic drugs. It is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists that binds to nAChRs on the neuromuscular junctions of parasitic worms, mimicking the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. This excessive stimulation of nAChRs leads to persistent depolarization of muscle cells and spastic paralysis to expel of the worms. Levamisole exhibits broad-spectrum activity against various roundworms, whipworms, hookworms, and threadworms.

Bedaquiline fumarate is the salt form of bedaquiline, a diarylquinoline molecule with an ATP synthetase inhibitory activity. Bedaquiline fumarate is an FDA-approved drug for the oral treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Bedaquiline fumarate acts by inhibiting the activity of the ATP synthetase in the pathogenic bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, even in the case of multiple antibiotic resistant strains.

Enduracidin hydrochloride is an antimicrobial compound, which is a lipopeptide antibiotic derived from the genus Streptomyces, specifically Streptomyces fungicidicus or Streptomyces roseosporus. The compound exerts its antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, primarily targeting the lipid II cycle, a critical precursor in the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. This inhibition disrupts the construction of peptidoglycan layers, ultimately leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.

Cefpodoxime proxetil is a prodrug of cefpodoxime with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and gonorrhea.

A fluoroquinolone antibiotic which inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by targeting the DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This second-generation fluoroquinolone has a broad spectrum of action and is more effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

9-Erythromycin 9-oxime is an activty inpurity, binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria.

Tilmicosin phosphate is a phosphate salt form of tilmicosin with similar action and applications as tilmicosin.

Validamycin A is an antibiotic and fungicide with action as a trehalase inhibitor, disrupting carbohydrate metabolism in fungi and is used for controlling fungal diseases like sheath blight in rice and damping-off in cucumbers.

Terconazole is an azole antifungal agent with action on fungal cell membranes by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and is used for treating vaginal yeast infections.

Anhydrooxytetracycline hydrochloride is a useful research chemical. Buy Anhydrooxytetracycline hydrochloride from Cymit Quimica for a variety of research applications.

Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinolone that is used to prevent and treat malaria, caused by parasitic protozoan from the Plasmodium genus. Chloroquine i a schizonticidal agent and is a widely prescribed antimalarial compound. The antiviral activity of chloroquine in vitro has been reported in 1960’s and recent publications have brought attention to its possible benefits in the treatment of COVID-19 patients, infected with the newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). Current evidence shows that chloroquine inhibits SARS CoV-2 entry in host cells by interfering with endocytosis and affecting the glycoprofile on the S-glycoprotein.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside

Repromicin is a novel antibiotic, which is derived from a unique strain of actinobacteria. This organism is known for its ability to produce a wide range of bioactive compounds. Repromicin operates by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, a mode of action that involves binding to the bacterial ribosome and interfering with the translation process. This leads to an effective halt in bacterial growth and proliferation.

Kanamycin sulfate is a water-soluble antibiotic. Genes encoding kanamycin resistance are commonly used as selection markers in molecular biology .It acts during the translation mechanism in prokaryotic ribosomes to avoid bacterial cell growth.

Antiviral; nonpeptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitor

Dapivirine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with action on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and is used for preventing HIV infection through vaginal rings.

A thiopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces actuosus. In addition, nosiheptide inhibits bacterial protein biosynthesis by acting during the elongation of the protein.

Carbomycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces halstedii. This antibiotic functions by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Through this mechanism, carbomycin effectively disrupts the growth and replication of susceptible bacterial strains, making it a potent tool in combating bacterial infections.

Cefsulodin sodium salt is a beta lactam antibiotic in the third-generation cephalosporin family that inhibits penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) to disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis.

Netilmicin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating severe bacterial infections.

Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside

Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.

Rifaximin is a rifamycin antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription and is used for treating travelers' diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy.

STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide is a targeted inhibitor of glucuronidase-producing bacteria, which is activated by E. coli-specific glucuronidase enzyme. Glucuronidases are enzymes catalysing the cleavage of complex carbohydrates and E. coli is a well-known producer. In complex cultures, E. coli strains often outcompete bacteria that present at lower titre and STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide can help to selectively reduce the growth of E. coli. STAADIUM™ GlucuroniZide can be used in microbiome studies, food control, environmental safety, hygiene, and clinical diagnostics. More details can be found in the application notes document.

Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating severe bacterial infections resistant to other aminoglycosides.

Membrane-disrupting agent

Ceftibuten dihydrate is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and urinary tract infections.

Anti-viral; NS3/4A protease inhibitor

Nitrofurantoin is an antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic chemical compound with bactericidal activity. Its source is synthetic, originating from the nitrofuran class of compounds. Nitrofurantoin's mode of action involves the inhibition of essential bacterial enzymes. It is reduced by bacterial flavoproteins to active intermediates, which subsequently alter or disrupt ribosomal proteins, DNA, and other vital macromolecules within bacterial cells, thereby inhibiting key metabolic processes.

Tobramycin used to treat severe infections with gram-negative bacteria and it is often applied in combination with beta-lactams. It has similar antimicrobial effects to gentamicin and is effective against all Enterobacteriacae, but more effective than gentamicin against P. aeruginosa, which is why it is often used for gentamicin-resistant strains, especially in the case of cystic fibrosis.

D-Cycloserine is a antibiotic and NMDA receptor partial agonist with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and modulation of NMDA receptors and is used for treating tuberculosis and studying neuropsychiatric disorders.

Cidofovir is an anti-viral agent that is used to treat Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in patients with AIDS. This drug suppresses CMV replication by inhibiting viral DNA synthesis.

Neomycin, one of the many oligosaccharide containing antibiotics, is an aminoglycoside antibiotic found in Streptomyces fradiae (Collins, 2006) with wide spectrum, active against Gram-negative Gram-positive bacteria. Neomycin is commony used as a selection marker in cloning, and is therefore used in growth media to select colonies with the neomycin resistance cassette integrated into their genome. Neomycin is a mixture of neomycin B (Framycetin) and its epimer Neomycin C, the latter component accounting for some 5–15% of the mixture.

Aminoglycoside antibiotic; inhibits protein synthesis by inducing miscoding

Inhibitor of beta-lactamase; inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; beta-lactam class

Teicoplanin is related to vancomycin and has similar effects against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes, and usually requires less frequent administration than vancomycin, but it is less efficient against S. haemolyticus. Due its size and polarity, teicoplanin can’t pass through the membrane of gram-negative bacteria thus it is not active against them. It is used to treat severe infections such as septicemia, endocarditis, bone and joint infections.

Atazanavir is a HIV-1 protease inhibitor, used in the anti-retroviral therapy of adult and sometimes paediatric patients infected with HIV. In in vitro studies with human pulmonary epithelial cells, atazanavir has been studied as a potential inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro protease, with the aim of halting viral replication.