Metabolism

13-OAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), results from the esterification of oleic acid to 13-hydroxy stearic acid. It represents a significant component of the FAHFA family, most abundantly expressed in the serum of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice that exhibit adipose tissue-specific overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter. Similar to other FAHFAs which are known to enhance glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory effects, 13-OAHSA may play a pivotal role in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

ACT-606559, a metabolite of ACT451840, is a novel chemical compound exhibiting antimalarial properties. It is utilized in malaria research.

VU0155069 hydrochloride (CAY10593 hydrochloride) is a potent and selective inhibitor of phospholipase D (PLD), exhibiting IC50 values of 46 nM for PLD1 and 933 nM for PLD2. It effectively inhibits the migration of both human and mouse breast cancer cell lines [1] [2].

(2E,9Z)-Octadeca-2,9-dienoic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is utilized in the study of lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism [1].

Oseltamivir acid methyl ester, a CES1-convertible neuraminidase inhibitor, serves as an antiviral prodrug.

TRC160334 is a HIF hydroxylases inhibitor.

C12-113, a lipidoid delivery agent, effectively transfects siRNA into cells and, when combined with additional lipids, forms lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). These LNPs facilitate the delivery of mRNA encoding the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in mice [1] [2].

RORγt modulator 4 is a RORγt modulator that regulates IL-17A production activity in cells derived from mouse spleen.

GSK2647544 inhibits Lp-PLA2, a pro-inflammatory enzyme from macrophages, orally active, calcium-independent.

DAO-IN-1 (compound 10) is a potent DAO (D -amino acid oxidase) inhibitor that ameliorates schizophrenia by increasing D -serine levels in the brain.

Amentoflavone hexaacetate is a 3,5-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor. It has anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic effects.

Phenylarsine Oxide (Oxophenylarsine) is a membrane-permeable tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor with an IC50 value of 18 µM that stimulates 2-deoxyglucose transport

Arbaprostil, a synthetic PGE analog, guards stomach lining, aids ulcer healing, and blocks pancreatic function and tumor growth.

Therapeutic Agent-1, a heteroaryl compound, serves as an enzyme replacement therapy to enhance glucocerebrosidase activity in the treatment of Gaucher disease [

1,3-Dioleoyl-2-myristoyl glycerol, a triacylglycerol, features oleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions and myristic acid at the sn-2 position, and is identified in palm oil.

(2'S)-Nicotine-1-oxide, a nicotine metabolite, arises from the liver's metabolism of nicotine via the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP2A6. It has been identified in human sperm and semen.

AS 183 is an inhibitor of cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT).

XR3054 is a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor that blocks proliferation in certain cancer cells, not dependent on ras mutation status.

Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) is a compound significantly released from aggregating platelets and undergoes metabolic transformation during circulation into 11-dehydro TXB2 and 2,3-dinor TXB2. The latter, 2,3-dinor TXB2, serves as a prevalent urinary metabolite of TXB2 and acts as an indicator for in vivo TXA2 synthesis. Studies have shown that in healthy male volunteers, the median excretion rate of 2,3-dinor TXB2 is measured at 10.3 ng/hour, equivalent to 138 pg/mg of creatinine.

C18 Ceramide-1-phosphate (d18:1/18:0) is a long-chain molecule identified in murine skin known to promote the migration of mouse bone marrow-derived multipotent

Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFA), notably present in the retina, sperm, and brain, have yet to be fully understood in terms of their biosynthesis and functional roles within these tissues. Recent research, particularly with the elongation of very long-chain FA-4 protein, indicates a distinct function for VLCPUFAs in retinal development and the progression of macular degeneration. CAY10632, a specific C32:6 VLCPUFA, while largely unexplored in its biological activities, is believed to play a role in maintaining normal function of photoreceptor cells in the retina.

Prolyl Hydroxylase inhibitor 1 is an orally active inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) (IC50 of 62.23 nM).

7,12-Diketolithocholic acid, a bile acid, exhibits elevated plasma levels in patients experiencing cholestasis.

SHP2-IN-21 (compound 208) is an inhibitor of SHP2, exhibiting an IC50 of 3 nM, and is utilized in glioblastoma research [1].

JNJ-10258859 is a potent, and selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor with a K(i) of 0.23 nM.

BI-11634 is a factor Xa inhibitor.

MLS000545091 is a potent and selective human epithelial 15-lipoxygenase-2 mixed-type inhibitor.

113-O16B, an ionizable cationic lipidoid featuring a disulfide bond, is utilized in producing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for mRNA delivery [1].

DNCA, a neutral lipid, facilitates the creation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and is instrumental in [nucleic acid delivery](1).

AGN 193109 is a potent antagonist of retinoic acid receptors (RARs; Kd= 2, 2, and 3 nM for RARα, β, and γ, respectively), exhibiting selectivity for RARs over retinoid X receptors (RXRs; Kd= >10,000 nM for human RXRα, β, and γ receptors). This compound effectively reverses cellular morphology changes and growth suppression induced by RAR agonists such as all-trans-RA, 13-cis-RA, and 9-cis-RA in ECE16-1 human endometrial ectocervical epithelial cells, particularly when used at a 10-fold molar excess. Furthermore, AGN 193109 downregulates the expression of cytokeratin K5-8, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 19 genes, indicating inhibition of retinoid action, specifically when co-administered with TTNPB but not as a standalone treatment. In vivo studies demonstrate teratogenic effects, including cleft palate, frontonasal dysplasia, and eye malformations in mouse fetuses following a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg.

DSTAP chloride (CDESA), a cationic lipid, is utilized in the formation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and exhibits high transfection efficiency [1].

Descarbonyl-lacosamide is a potential impurity in commercial lacosamide preparations. It is a degradation product that forms under acidic conditions.

CYP3A4-IN-2, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor (IC50: 0.055 μM), is a hydrophobic ritonavir analog with immunosuppressive and antiviral properties.

ICMT-IN-18 (compound 35) serves as an ICMT inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.066 μM [1].

11β-Prostaglandin F2αethanolamide (11β-PGF2α-EA), posited as the hepatic metabolite derived from PGD2-EA during COX-2 metabolism of AEA—an endogenous cannabinoid present in brain, liver, and various mammalian tissues—is synthesized directly from AEA via COX-2 and specific prostaglandin synthase, leading to ethanolamide versions of classical prostaglandins. Additionally, PGD2-EA formation occurs in activated RAW 264.7 cells upon AEA treatment.

cis-ent-Tadalafil (cis-ent-IC-351) is a potent and selective PDE5 inhibitor that lowers blood pressure.

3-Oxo Atorvastatin is an impurity of Atorvastatin. Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and has the ability to effectively decrease blood lipids.

JTT 551: Selective PTP1B inhibitor for type 2 diabetes research; Ki=0.22μM for PTP1B, 9.3μM for TCPTP.

Leukotriene C4 (14,15-LTC4) is an inflammatory mediator synthesized from arachidonic acid through the actions of 15- and 12-lipoxygenases (LOs), involving intermediates such as 15-HpETE and 14,15-LTA4. Unlike the majority of leukotrienes formed via the 5-LO pathway, 14,15-LTC4 is an eoxin predominantly produced by eosinophils, although mast cells and nasal polyps can also synthesize it. While its physiological roles are not well understood, 14,15-LTC4 exhibits limited contractile activity on guinea pig ileum and pulmonary parenchyma. However, it can increase vascular permeability in human endothelial cell monolayers in vitro with potency comparable to 5-LO-derived leukotrienes, contributing to plasma leakage characteristic of inflammation.

ZK824190: oral uPA inhibitor, IC50 - uPA 237 nM, tPA 1600 nM, Plasmin 1850 nM.

14S(15R)-EET methyl ester, an oxylipin derived from arachidonic acid through cytochrome P450 metabolism, demonstrates specific biological activities. It exhibits affinity for isolated guinea pig monocytes, evidenced by a competitive binding assay with a Ki value of 612.5 nM using [3H]14(15)-EET. This compound notably enhances the dilation of precontracted isolated canine epicardial arterioles (EC50= 4 pM) and denuded porcine subepicardial arterioles (EC50= 3 pM), indicating potent vasodilatory effects. Unlike its isomer 14R(15S)-EET, 14S(15R)-EET methyl ester does not inhibit COX activity in enzyme assays or affect isolated platelets, highlighting its distinct functional profile.

L-869298 is a potent and selective inhibitor of PDE4.

SCH-39370 is a potent and specific neutral metalloendopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor.

Flucythrinate is an insecticide.

(±)13,14-EDT, an oxylipin metabolite derived from adrenic acid through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway, acts as a potent activator of large-conductance

BMS-262084 is a potent selective β-lactam trypsin inhibitor with therapeutic potential in the treatment of asthma.

Pactimibe is a ACAT inhibitor. It has anti-atherosclerotic activity.

17(S)-HDoTE, a metabolite of adrenic acid, is synthesized through the action of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) via a 17-HpDoTE intermediate.

Dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX 1, 35-methylokadaic acid), a causative agent of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, exhibits tumor-promoting activity and also acts as a skin

Casein kinase 1δ-IN-10 is an inhibitor of casein kinase 1δ (CK1δ).

Compound 28.1, also known as TAS2R14 agonist-2, is a potent and selective inhibitor of TAS2R14, exhibiting an EC50 of 72 nM [1].

SNAP-7941: Selective MCH1 receptor antagonist with potential anxiolytic, antidepressant, and appetite-suppressing qualities.

Cismonoenoic acids form readily from unsaturated fatty acids in animal tissues, with palmitoleic acid (9-cis-hexadecenoic acid) deriving from palmitic acid. An intermediate, 1Δ2-trans-hexadecenoic acid, arises during the β-oxidation of palmitic acid. Furthermore, Δ2-trans-hexadecenoic acid, at a dose of 10 mg/kg, significantly reduces gastric juice secretion in pylorus-ligated rats, indicating potential for gastric ulceration simulation models.

Fulvestrant 3-β-D-Glucuronide，Fulvestrant的代谢产物，为葡萄糖醛酸结合物，属于纯抗雌激素类固醇。该化合物可应用于乳腺癌研究领域。

1-Stearoyl-3-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol, a diacylglycerol, incorporates stearic acid at the sn-1 position and linoleic acid at the sn-3 position. Its levels rise in a time-dependent manner throughout the ripening process of dry-cured sausages.

EOS (d18:1/30:0/18:2) is a lipid molecule that can be used in life science related research. The CAS number of EOS (d18:1/30:0/18:2) is 97040-38-5.

First potent oral dual IDO1/IDO2 inhibitor with antitumor properties; IC50: 28 nM (IDO1), 144 nM (IDO2).

(S)-(-)-MRJF22, a haloperidol metabolite II valproate ester, demonstrates potent antimigratory effects in both endothelial and tumor cells, and is considered a

MFN2 agonist-1 (B-A/l) effectively induces mitochondrial fusion in cells deficient in mitofusin 2 (MFN2).

CAY10502 inhibits cPLA2α (85 kDa), crucial in inflammation/arachidonic cascade, with 4.3 nM IC50, reducing arachidonic acid in human platelets.

Compound 144 (also known as Anticancer Agent 144) is a potent inhibitor of both PTPN2 and PTP1B, exhibiting IC50 values of less than 2.5 nM, making it suitable

Prostaglandin B2 is a dehydration product of PGE2/PGA2 with weak TP receptor activity, raising rabbit pulmonary pressure at >5 ug/kg.

Bemoradan is an inhibitor of the rolipram-insensitive cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase from canine heart tissue

KCA-1490 is an inhibitor of dual PDE3/4.

MeIm (compound 7), a peptide mimetic targeting PCSK9, exhibits cholesterol-lowering properties by enhancing the cellular uptake of LDL (EC 50 = 6.04 μM) and obstructing PCSK9's interaction with LDLR (IC 50 = 11.2 μM). This compound is useful for research in cardiovascular diseases.

S-(N-Methylsulfinylbutylthiocarbamoyl)-L-cysteine (SFN-Cys) is an isothiocyanate derivative, functioning as an active metabolite of sulforaphane, a class I and

Miglustat hydrochloride (N-Butyldeoxynojirimycin hydrochloride) is an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase and can be used for studies about Type I Gaucher

Dieicosanoin is a diacylglycerol that incorporates arachidic acid, a saturated long-chain fatty acid featuring a 20-carbon backbone. This acid is derivable from sources such as peanut butter and anaerobic fungi [1] [2].

Yonkenafil HCl, a PDE5 inhibitor, is used potentially for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

CETP-IN-3 is an inhibitor of the plasma glycoprotein cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), elevating HDL-C through inhibition of CETP.

FM26, an isoxazole-based RORγt inverse agonist, cuts EL4 IL-17a mRNA; potent with 264 nM IC50.

8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid, an ω-8 C20:2 fatty acid, constitutes 0.19% of total fatty acids in human milk. In vivo, it is converted by desaturases into eicosatrienoic acids, known for their potent vasodilator properties. However, the physiological effects of 8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid remain unexplored.

NC1 is a potent allosteric inhibitor of lymphoid-specific PTPN22, a protein tyrosine phosphatase.

ATX inhibitor 17, a powerful ATX inhibitor, exhibits an IC50 value of 0.019 µM, demonstrating significant anti-proliferative effects in breast cancer cells.

CA Inhibitor 12 strongly blocks CA II (K_i 1.72 nM), also inhibits CA I (271 nM), shows anticancer effects.

Phytomonic acid, a saturated fatty acid with a cyclopropane ring structure that behaves similarly to a double bond, predominates in gram-negative bacteria L. arabinosus, protozoa, and the seed oil of B. coccineus (Connaraceae). This compound may play a role in regulating cell membrane fluidity.

secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) inhibitor

Lp-PLA2-IN-14 (Compound 19), an inhibitor of rhLp-PLA2, exhibits a potent inhibitory effect with a pIC50 value of 8.4.

MK-0736 hydrochloride is a potent and selective 11β-HSD-1 inhibitor.

BMS-185411 is a bio-active chemical.

VULM 1457 is a potent ACAT inhibitor.

Ilepatril, also known as AVE-7688, is a vasopeptidase inhibitor for the treatment of hypertension.

N-Oleoyl taurine, an amino-acyl endocannabinoid isolated from rat brain, along with several arachidonoyl amino acids such as N-arachidonoyl dopamine and N-arachidonoyl serine, have been derived from bovine brain. Mass spectral lipidomics analysis of rat brain revealed a series of fatty acyl amides of taurine, marking the discovery of a new class of compounds. These compounds, found in the kidney, are known to activate members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of calcium channels, with N-Oleoyl taurine specifically potentially activating TRPV1 and TRPV4 channels.

sEH/AChE-IN-3 -15: potent dual sEH & AChE inhibitor; crosses BBB; IC50: hsEH 0.4nM, hAChE 1.94nM, hBChE 615nM, msEH 4.3nM, mAChE 2.61nM.

2,3-Dinor-8-iso Prostaglandin F1α (2,3-dinor-8-iso PGF1α), an isoprostane and active metabolite of arachidonic acid deriving its formation from non-enzymatic

S-(p-Nitrobenzyl)glutathione acts as a competitive inhibitor of glutathionase.

1,2-Dimyristoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol (MMP) is a triacylglycerol comprising myristic acid and palmitic acid [1].

PDE5-IN-42 is a selective inhibitor of second-generation phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5).

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is metabolized into epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EpETE) by multiple cytochrome P450 isoforms. The predominant compound of this epoxygenase pathway, (±)17(18)-EpETE, induces relaxation in vascular and airway smooth muscles through its action on large conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels, specifically by binding to the BKα channel subunits. Another notable epoxygenase pathway derivative, (±)11(12)-EpETE, also generated from EPA via CYP450 activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies, has biological and physiological roles that are yet to be fully elucidated.

ICMT-IN-28 (compound 65) serves as an inhibitor of ICMT, exhibiting significant potency with an IC50 value of 0.008 μM [1].

Nicorandil N-oxide, a metabolite of nicorandil, functions as an activator of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel Kir6.2 (SUR2B/Kir6.2) and is associated with the sulfonylurea receptor 2B (SUR2B), while also serving as a nitric oxide donor.

1-Stearoyl-2-eicosapentaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC is a phospholipid comprising stearic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, identified in human red blood cells (RBCs).

Deleobuvir sodium (BI207127), a hepatitis C NS5B inhibitor, showed promise in some trials but was discontinued in 2013 due to insufficient efficacy.

5α-Androstan-3β-ol, a steroidal androgen, demonstrates selective interaction with cellular components, showing affinity for the androgen receptor (AR) with an IC50 of 1.7 µM and activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR) in HepG2 cells with an EC50 of 0.8 µM. It selectively inhibits the hydroxylase activities of 16α- and 6β-hydroxylase over 16β- or 7α-hydroxylase, with IC50 values of 70 and 110 µM, compared to >150 µM for the latter enzymes, indicating a specificity in its enzyme inhibition profile. Additionally, administration of this compound at a dosage of 30 mg/kg results in a decrease in testis weight and sperm production in mice, highlighting its biological effects on male reproductive parameters.

Ganciclovir triphosphate: synthetic 2'-deoxy-guanosine analog, treats/prevents CMV, IC50 of 0.01 μM, effective across species.