Metabolism

SR11237 is a Pan retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonist.

1-Aminodecylidenebis-phosphonic acid, with its potent inhibitory effect on acid sphingomyelinase (IC50= 20 nM), shows selectivity by being less effective against neutral sphingomyelinase (IC50= >100 μM). Additionally, it entirely prevents dexamethasone-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is identified as a more potent endogenous cannabinoid ligand compared to its analogue, 1-Arachidonoylglycerol (1-AG), exhibiting 10 to 100 times the ligand binding affinity and agonist activity at the CB1 receptor, thus making it a natural ligand. However, 2-AG's chemical instability leads to rapid isomerization to 1-AG (also referred to as 1(3)-AG) both in vitro and in vivo. This isomerization process, where 1-AG becomes a frequent contaminant in synthetic 1-AG preparations, significantly decreases their cannabinergic potency. Furthermore, 1-AG is characterized as a weak CB1 receptor agonist with potential for other pharmacological effects.

11alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone, an inactive analogue of 11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone, serves as an experimental control. Meanwhile, 11beta-Hydroxyprogesterone functions as a potent inhibitor of 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and activates the human mineralocorticoid receptor in COS-7 cells, with an effective dose (ED)50 of 10 nM.

Chenodeoxycholic acid 3-glucuronide (CDCA-3G), a metabolite of Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), is synthesized in human liver microsomes.

Chloramine-T serves as a versatile reagent in numerous synthetic procedures, including aminohydroxylation, allylic amination, as a nitrogen source in aziridination reactions of alkenes and olefins, and for the deprotection of thio groups in sulfur-containing molecules. Additionally, it plays a role in the synthesis of Factor Xa inhibitors. At a concentration of 0.2% w/v, Chloramine-T acts as an effective antiseptic agent with bactericidal properties against S. epidermidis, S. aureus, E. faecalis, E. coli, P. mirabilis, and E. cloacae.

DAO-IN-1 (compound 10) is a potent DAO (D -amino acid oxidase) inhibitor that ameliorates schizophrenia by increasing D -serine levels in the brain.

OSMI-1: cell-permeable OGT inhibitor, blocks O-GlcNAcylation (IC50: 2.7 μM), no effect on other cell glycans.

Diethyl-pythiDC is an collagen prolyl 4-hydroxylase inhibitor.

TRC160334 is a HIF hydroxylases inhibitor.

6-Hydroxy Bexarotene, an oxidative metabolite of bexarotene, serves as a high-affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs), specifically binding to RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ, as well as to the retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) with dissociation constants (Kds) of 3.46, 4.21, 4.83, and 8.17 μM, respectively. It demonstrates selective activation of RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ over RARα, RARβ, and RARγ in vitro, with half-maximal effective concentrations (EC50s) of 398, 356, 420, 4,414, 2,121, and 2,043 nM, respectively.

1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, incorporates palmitic acid, arachidic acid, and oleic acid at the sn-1, sn-2, and sn-3 positions, respectively, and is identified in cod liver oil.

GTPγS tetralithium (Guanosine 5'-[γ-thio]triphosphate tetralithium) is a G-protein activator and a non-hydrolyzable GTP analog.

1,2-Dioleoyl-3-lauroyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, comprises oleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and lauric acid at the sn-3 position. It is identified in the date seed oil and the fat body of male B. lapidarius bumblebees.

2-Deoxy-D-galactose is a glucose analog and glucose antagonist that inhibits the maintenance of hippocampal LTP.

Enteropeptidase-IN-1: orally active, potent inhibitor, low systemic exposure, for anti-obesity research.

14S(15R)-EET methyl ester, an oxylipin derived from arachidonic acid through cytochrome P450 metabolism, demonstrates specific biological activities. It exhibits affinity for isolated guinea pig monocytes, evidenced by a competitive binding assay with a Ki value of 612.5 nM using [3H]14(15)-EET. This compound notably enhances the dilation of precontracted isolated canine epicardial arterioles (EC50= 4 pM) and denuded porcine subepicardial arterioles (EC50= 3 pM), indicating potent vasodilatory effects. Unlike its isomer 14R(15S)-EET, 14S(15R)-EET methyl ester does not inhibit COX activity in enzyme assays or affect isolated platelets, highlighting its distinct functional profile.

11β-Prostaglandin F2αethanolamide (11β-PGF2α-EA), posited as the hepatic metabolite derived from PGD2-EA during COX-2 metabolism of AEA—an endogenous cannabinoid present in brain, liver, and various mammalian tissues—is synthesized directly from AEA via COX-2 and specific prostaglandin synthase, leading to ethanolamide versions of classical prostaglandins. Additionally, PGD2-EA formation occurs in activated RAW 264.7 cells upon AEA treatment.

3β,5α,6β-Trihydroxycholanic acid, a metabolite derived from 5α,6β-dihydroxycholestanol, exhibits elevated levels in dried blood spots of patients diagnosed with Niemann-Pick disease type C, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and sphingolipids in lysosomes.

6,9,12,15-Hexadecatetraenoic acid-ethyl ester, an n-1PUFA, demonstrates oral activity and has been shown to lower plasma triglyceride levels in mice when