Metabolism

9(E),11(E)-Conjugated Linoleic Acid (9(E),11(E)-CLA) belongs to a group of eight geometric isomers of linoleic acid, characterized by adjacent double bonds. This specific isomer, 9,11 all-trans linoleic acid, was first discovered in ground beef and is found in various dairy products as well. Notably, it has been shown to decrease mammary tumors in rats with dietary inclusion as minimal as 0.1%. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1181]

8(Z)-Eicosenoic acid, a cis-unsaturated free fatty acid featuring a 20-carbon chain, enhances acetylcholine (ACh) receptor channel currents without causing depression and augments PCKε phosphorylation of a substrate peptide in Xenopus oocytes. This acid comprises 6% of the fatty acid composition in seed oil extracted from B. collina.

C24:1 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0/24:1) is a lipid molecule that can be used in life science related research. The CAS number of C24:1 dihydro 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:0/24:1) is 1246298-60-1.

1-O-Hexadecyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-PC undergoes acylation through the action of CoA-independent transacylase, transforming lyso-PAF C-16 into this compound. It serves as the predominant precursor in the biosynthesis of PAF C-16 via the remodeling pathway.

SREBP/SCAP-IN-1 (compound 10b) serves as a selective inhibitor of SREBP/SCAP [1].

3-Aminoisobutyric acid, a non-protein amino acid resultant from thymine catabolism, plays a significant role in metabolic activities. At a 5 µM concentration, it triggers browning in primary adipocytes, notably elevating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1) and CIDEA expression. Additionally, it boosts PPARα expression in both primary adipocytes and mouse inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) in vivo, alongside enhancing β-oxidation in hepatocytes. Its plasma levels surge post-exercise in mice, and its administration at 100 mg/kg daily curtails weight gain and body fat without diminishing food consumption or hiking energy output, whilst ameliorating glucose tolerance. Notably, 3-aminoisobutyric acid concentrations are heightened in individuals with β-ureidopropionase deficiency, a genetic flaw impairing pyrimidine degradation, affecting plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.

(±)16,17-EDT, an oxylipin metabolite of adrenic acid produced through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway, effectively induces dilation in isolated porcine

3-Decyl-5,5'-diphenyl-2-thioxo-4-imidazolidinone (compound 45), having a pI50 of 5.89, shows promise as an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Despite its activity, it demonstrates a lack of affinity for cannabinoid receptors CB(1) and CB(2) [1].

1,2-Dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DLPE), a phosphatidylethanolamine derivative featuring lauric acid (12:0) acyl chains, serves in the development of liposomes [1].

N-Formyl-L-histidine is a competitive inhibitor of L-histidine deaminase (Ki = 4.26 mM) and also binds to histidine-tRNA synthetase (Ki = 4.6 μM).

ICMT-IN-45 (compound 24) serves as an ICMT inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.132 μM [1].

SHP2-IN-17 (compound 192) is a potent inhibitor of SHP2, exhibiting an IC50 of 2 nM and holds potential for use in glioblastoma research [1].

AZD-1656 is a glucokinase activator (GKA) that can cause dose-limiting hypoglycemia in normal animals used in embryofetal development studies and type 2

CYP11A1-IN-1 (compound 30) is a selective inhibitor of the enzyme CYP11A1, displaying an IC50 ranging from 201-2000 nM.

SHP2-IN-20 (compound 193), a potent SHP2 inhibitor, exhibits an IC50 of 3 nM, making it suitable for glioblastoma research [1].

(R)-Palmitoyl-(2-methyl)ethanolamide (Me-PEA) acts as a competitive inhibitor against [3H]-AEA metabolism, exhibiting a K i value of 6.6 μM [1].

ICMT-IN-2 (compound 45) serves as an ICMT inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.168 μM [1].

12,15-Epoxy-13-methyl-12,14-eicosadienoic acid, a furan fatty acid first identified in northern pike (E. lucius), exhibits elevated levels in the liver of starving cod.

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are lipids recently discovered to be modulated by dietary influences such as fasting and high-fat feeding, and they play a role in enhancing insulin sensitivity. These compounds typically feature a carbon-16 or carbon-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) esterified to a carbon-16 or carbon-18 hydroxy fatty acid. A specific example is 12-SAHSA, which consists of stearic acid linked to 12-hydroxy stearic acid. Notably, 12-SAHSA levels are found to be moderately increased in the serum of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, a model characterized by adipose tissue-specific overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter.

MR-2-93-3, a long-chain fatty acid, functions as a carrier for polynucleotides [1].