Metabolism

<p>DSPE-PEG1000-NGR is a PEG compound composed of DSPE and the Asn-Gly-Arg (NGR) peptide. The NGR peptide has the capability to target the CD13 antigen present in tumor vasculature. DSPE-PEG1000-NGR can be utilized for drug delivery.</p>

<p>PPARγ-IN-3 (compound 9ga), a potent and orally active PPARγ inhibitor, effectively reduces triglyceride (TG) accumulation and exhibits low cytotoxicity. Additionally, it prevents excessive body weight gain, lessens fat and liver mass, and decreases lipid accumulation in both the liver and blood. PPARγ-IN-3 holds promise for research into diet-induced obesity.</p>

<p>Monoglyceridelipase is a crucial enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, catalyzing the hydrolysis of monoglycerides (especially 2-AG, or 2-arachidonoylglycerol) into glycerol and free fatty acids. By regulating the levels of 2-AG, this enzyme impacts neural signaling, pain perception, inflammatory responses, and metabolic processes.</p>

<p>α-Glucosidase-IN-72 (compound 5i), a 2,4-dichloro-N-phenylacetamide derivative, functions as an α-glucosidase inhibitor with an inhibitory concentration (IC 50) of 6 μM. Notably, it does not adhere to Lipinski's "rule of five" and is not a cancer inducer.</p>

<p>PP5-IN-2, a selective and orally active inhibitor of protein phosphatase 5 (PP5), exhibits an IC 50 of 0.9 μM. This compound activates p53 and leads to the downregulation of cyclin D1 and MGMT, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest and reversing Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in the U87 MG cell line. Additionally, PP5-IN-2 has demonstrated effective inhibition of tumor growth in the xenograft mouse model.</p>

<p>Penicillinase is a β-lactamase and secretory enzyme capable of degrading and inactivating penicillin and similar compounds.</p>

<p>C-Type Natriuretic Peptide (1-53), from porcine, rat, and mouse sources, serves as an activator of particulate guanylate cyclase B (pGC-B), prominently found in endothelial cells, kidneys, and the heart. This peptide efficiently mediates a potent anti-fibrotic effect in human cardiac and renal fibroblasts through the production of the second messenger cGMP.</p>

<p>D-erythrose 4-sodium phosphate: sodium salt of monosaccharide, made from erythritol via 3 isomerases.</p>

<p>hCYP3A4-IN-1 (compound C6) is a potent, orally active inhibitor of hCYP3A4, exhibiting IC50 values of 43.93 nM in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and 153.00 nM in</p>

<p>Lysophosphatidylethanolamines (egg) are the partial hydrolysis products of phosphatidylethanolamine.</p>

<p>Sofosbuvir impurity B, a less active byproduct, inhibits HCV RNA with potent anti-HCV effects.</p>

<p>PKM2 inhibitor G is a inhibitor of pyruvate kinase.</p>

<p>3-O-Dihydro-p-coumaroyltohogenol functions as a PTP1B inhibitor (IC50 = 6.27 μM), exhibiting anti-diabetic and anti-obesity activities.</p>

<p>ADP-specific glucokinase, expressed in thermophilic archaea, is an ADP-specific enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, thereby facilitating glycolysis. This enzyme can activate T cells and enhance the phagocytic activity of macrophages. It is used in research related to metabolic disorders, neurological diseases, and tumors.</p>

<p>Phosphofructokinase, a crucial glycolytic enzyme, catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in the glycolysis pathway. Its activity is inhibited by the binding of Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), which regulates the rate of glycolysis. Additionally, Phosphofructokinase is utilized in the measurement of fructose-6-phosphate (fructose-6-phosphate) levels.</p>

<p>IONIS PTP1BRx (ISIS 404173) acts as an antisense inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B). This compound exhibits anti-diabetic properties, making it suitable for research into insulin resistance related to obesity and type 2 diabetes.</p>

<p>Anti bacterial agent 237 (compound Ru-8) acts as a potent antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus, exhibiting minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.78 to 1.56 μg/mL. It works by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, altering their permeability, and inducing the production of reactive oxygen species, which leads to bacterial cell death without promoting resistance. Additionally, Anti bacterial agent 237 demonstrates low hemolytic toxicity towards rabbit erythrocytes and Raw 264.7 cells. It has shown significant antibacterial activity in models of skin wound infections in mice and larval infections by the greater wax moth, effectively combating Staphylococcus aureus infections.</p>

<p>Imperatoxin A TFA, a peptide toxin derived from the venom of the African scorpion Pandinus imperator, acts as an activator of Ca2+-release channels/ryanodine receptors (RyRs). It facilitates the influx of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cell.</p>

<p>NAD Synthetase is responsible for the final step in the synthesis of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD). The enzyme sourced from Escherichia coli exhibits Km values of 200 μM for NAD, 11 μM for ATP, and 0.65 μM for ammonia. Conversely, NAD Synthetase derived from yeast demonstrates Km values of 170 μM for NAD, 190 μM for ATP, and 64 μM for ammonia. This enzyme is applicable in enzymatic assays for ATP, ammonia, urea, or creatinine and can also be used in enzymatic recycling methods. Additionally, NAD Synthetase holds potential for research into metabolic diseases, cancer, aging, and neurodegenerative disorders.</p>

<p>DSPE-PEG1000-pPB is a PEG compound consisting of DSPE and a cyclic oligopeptide (pPB). The pPB component exhibits a strong binding affinity to PDGFRβ, which is overexpressed in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC). DSPE-PEG1000-pPB is applicable for drug delivery.</p>