Metabolism

1-Stearoyl-3-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol, a diacylglycerol, incorporates stearic acid at the sn-1 position and linoleic acid at the sn-3 position. Its levels rise in a time-dependent manner throughout the ripening process of dry-cured sausages.

Fulvestrant 3-β-D-Glucuronide，Fulvestrant的代谢产物，为葡萄糖醛酸结合物，属于纯抗雌激素类固醇。该化合物可应用于乳腺癌研究领域。

1,2-Dilinoleoyl-3-α-linolenoyl-rac-glycerol is a triacylglycerol featuring linoleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and α-linolenic acid at the sn-3 position, identified within corn and soybean oils.

Indeloxazine is a cerebral activator and anticonvulsant.

(±)13,14-EDT, an oxylipin metabolite derived from adrenic acid through the cytochrome P450 (CYP) pathway, acts as a potent activator of large-conductance

Flucythrinate is an insecticide.

TP-1454 is an activator against PKM2 with a biochemically determined AC50 of 10 Nm. It can regulate tumor immune responses by acting on T regulatory cells.

SCH-39370 is a potent and specific neutral metalloendopeptidase (NEP) inhibitor.

R-1663 inhibits factor Xa, prolongs clotting, reduces thrombin without affecting bleed time; more effective on peak than ETP.

Testololactone, an aromatase inhibitor, may be utilized in breast carcinoma research [1].

2,3-Diphospho-D-glyceric acid pentasodium salt is a highly anionic polyphosphorus compound located within the concave center of red blood cells, where it

11(Z),14(Z),17(Z)-Eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester is the ester derivative of 11(Z),14(Z),17(Z)-eicosatrienoic acid, identified within lipid-producing microalgae Nannochloropsis, as well as in diesel-contaminated soils and residential wastewater.

1,2-Dioleoyl-3-α-linolenoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, features oleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and α-linolenic acid at the sn-3 position. This compound has been identified in the fat body of male B. lapidarius bumblebees.

1-Palmitoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (1-P-GPA), an endogenous metabolite, is utilized in the research of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [1].

Palmitoleic acid, an ω-7 monounsaturated fatty acid found in macadamia and sea buckthorn oils, enhances both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, as well as Glut4 protein levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes at a 200 µM concentration. Ex vivo, at a dosage of 300 mg/kg per day, it significantly increases glucose uptake and both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis, while decreasing de novo fatty acid synthesis and the activity of lipogenic enzymes, specifically ATP citrate lyase (ACL) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), in isolated murine adipocytes. Furthermore, the dietary administration of palmitoleic acid at 300 mg/kg mitigates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and liver inflammation in mice.

(2E,9Z)-Octadeca-2,9-dienoic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid, is utilized in the study of lipoxygenase-dependent metabolism [1].

11β-Prostaglandin F2αethanolamide (11β-PGF2α-EA), posited as the hepatic metabolite derived from PGD2-EA during COX-2 metabolism of AEA—an endogenous cannabinoid present in brain, liver, and various mammalian tissues—is synthesized directly from AEA via COX-2 and specific prostaglandin synthase, leading to ethanolamide versions of classical prostaglandins. Additionally, PGD2-EA formation occurs in activated RAW 264.7 cells upon AEA treatment.

14S(15R)-EET methyl ester, an oxylipin derived from arachidonic acid through cytochrome P450 metabolism, demonstrates specific biological activities. It exhibits affinity for isolated guinea pig monocytes, evidenced by a competitive binding assay with a Ki value of 612.5 nM using [3H]14(15)-EET. This compound notably enhances the dilation of precontracted isolated canine epicardial arterioles (EC50= 4 pM) and denuded porcine subepicardial arterioles (EC50= 3 pM), indicating potent vasodilatory effects. Unlike its isomer 14R(15S)-EET, 14S(15R)-EET methyl ester does not inhibit COX activity in enzyme assays or affect isolated platelets, highlighting its distinct functional profile.

2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is identified as a more potent endogenous cannabinoid ligand compared to its analogue, 1-Arachidonoylglycerol (1-AG), exhibiting 10 to 100 times the ligand binding affinity and agonist activity at the CB1 receptor, thus making it a natural ligand. However, 2-AG's chemical instability leads to rapid isomerization to 1-AG (also referred to as 1(3)-AG) both in vitro and in vivo. This isomerization process, where 1-AG becomes a frequent contaminant in synthetic 1-AG preparations, significantly decreases their cannabinergic potency. Furthermore, 1-AG is characterized as a weak CB1 receptor agonist with potential for other pharmacological effects.

Enteropeptidase-IN-1: orally active, potent inhibitor, low systemic exposure, for anti-obesity research.