Metabolism

11-Dehydro-2,3-Dinor Thromboxane B2 is a metabolite of Thromboxane B2 (TXB2), formed by the oxidation of TXB2 via 11-Hydroxy Thromboxane Dehydrogenase.

FABP4/5-IN-4 (compound E1) effectively inhibits FABP 4 and FABP 5, displaying IC50 values of 3.78 μM and 5.72 μM, respectively. It is significant in the management of metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus [1].

MR-2-93-3, a long-chain fatty acid, functions as a carrier for polynucleotides [1].

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are lipids recently discovered to be modulated by dietary influences such as fasting and high-fat feeding, and they play a role in enhancing insulin sensitivity. These compounds typically feature a carbon-16 or carbon-18 fatty acid (e.g., palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) esterified to a carbon-16 or carbon-18 hydroxy fatty acid. A specific example is 12-SAHSA, which consists of stearic acid linked to 12-hydroxy stearic acid. Notably, 12-SAHSA levels are found to be moderately increased in the serum of glucose tolerant AG4OX mice, a model characterized by adipose tissue-specific overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter.

BML-288 is a phosphodiesterase Type II (PDE2) inhibitor that demonstrates no inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) or cyclooxygenase (COX-1).

1,2-Dioleoyl-3-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol (OOL) is a triglyceride featuring oleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and linoleic acid at the sn-3 position. This compound is prevalent in several seed and vegetable oils, such as those from pumpkin seeds, olives, and sesame.

G43-C3-TEG is a glycosyl-transferase inhibitor that diminishes biofilm formation by inhibiting the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) [1].

Anticancer agent 122, a potent inhibitor of human lactate dehydrogenase A (h LDHA), exhibits significant anticancer activities, rendering it suitable for use in

ICMT-IN-40 (compound 19) is a potent inhibitor of ICMT, exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.031 μM [1].

SHP2-IN-17 (compound 192) is a potent inhibitor of SHP2, exhibiting an IC50 of 2 nM and holds potential for use in glioblastoma research [1].

ICMT-IN-45 (compound 24) serves as an ICMT inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.132 μM [1].

ICMT-IN-27, also known as compound 64, is an inhibitor of the enzyme ICMT, demonstrating potent activity with an IC50 value of 0.1 µM [1].

Hypogeic acid is isolable from cultures of autotrophic bacteria linked to sulfate accumulation in biofilters [1].

Anandamide (AEA), an endogenous cannabinoid, interacts with both central (CB1) and peripheral (CB2) cannabinoid receptors. Its effects are concluded through the cellular uptake and enzymatic breakdown of its amide bond by fatty acid amide hydrolase. Arachidonoyl-N-methyl amide, an analog of anandamide, specifically targets the human CB1 receptor, displaying a binding affinity with a Ki of 60 nM. It completely inhibits rat glial gap junction intercellular communication at a concentration of 50 µM.

Cis-8-Octadecenoic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid and isomer of oleic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, trans-petroselinic acid, and cis-petroselinic acid, is present in partially hydrogenated vegetable oil and milk fat.

ICMT-IN-4 (compound 28) serves as an inhibitor of ICMT, exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.27 μM [1].

GIV3727, a bitter taste receptor hTAS2R antagonist, inhibits the activation of hTAS2R31 by saccharin and acesulfame potassium, effectively diminishing the

G1-OC2-K3-E10, an ionizable lipid, facilitates mRNA delivery through lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) [1].

11-Hexadecenoic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid, comprises both 11-cis-hexadecenoic acid and 11-trans-hexadecenoic acid. These isoforms are present in ewe milk fat and their concentrations increase when the diet is supplemented with lipids from linseed, sunflower, olive, or fish oils. Additionally, 11-trans-hexadecenoic acid is found in intramuscular fat of both male and female foals. The product is a blend of the 11-cis and 11-trans forms. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1208]

1,2-Dioleoyl-3-docosohexaenoyl-rac-glycerol, a triacylglycerol, consists of oleic acid at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions and docosahexaenoic acid at the sn-3 position. This compound has been identified in human breast milk.

Prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), initially isolated from the incubation of arachidonic acid with ovine seminal vesicle microsomes, acts as a potent vasoconstrictor. It serves as the precursor for all 2-series prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs). Moreover, as a TP receptor agonist, PGH2 irreversibly aggregates human platelets at concentrations of 50-100 ng/ml.

LNP Lipid-8 (11-A-M), an ionizable lipid, is utilized in lipid nanoparticles (LNP) for siRNA delivery to T cells without ligand targeting. When loaded with GFP siRNA (siGFP), it significantly silences the GFP gene in a mouse model [1].

SH-BC-893: Oral anti-cancer sphingolipid analog, prevents ceramide-related mitochondrial issues, and tackles diet-related obesity.

DPM-1001 trihydrochloride: Potent PTP1B inhibitor, IC50 100 nM, oral, non-competitive, anti-diabetic.

α-Glucosidase-IN-11 is a highly permeable competitive inhibitor of α-glucosidase (IC50: 0.56 μM).

Bemfivastatin hemicalcium (PPD 10558), an orally active HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, serves as a lipid-lowering agent.

sEH/AChE-IN-4-15 is a dual sEH and AChE inhibitor crossing the BBB, with IC50s: 3.1 nM (hsEH), 1660 nM (hAChE), 179 nM (hBChE), 14.5 nM (msEH), 102 nM (mAChE).

Lithium benzoate, an aromatic alcohol present in numerous plants, commonly serves as an additive in food, beverages, cosmetics, and various other products. This compound exhibits antibacterial and antifungal properties, functioning effectively as a preservative [1].

Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are lipids that are modulated by dietary changes such as fasting and high-fat diets, and they play a role in insulin sensitivity. These compounds generally consist of a fatty acid chain of either 16 or 18 carbons (for example, palmitoleic, palmitic, oleic, or stearic acid) esterified to a similarly long hydroxy fatty acid. One specific FAHFA, 9-SAHSA, features stearic acid esterified at the 9th carbon of hydroxy stearic acid. The concentration of 9-SAHSA is notably increased in the serum of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice, which specifically express the Glut4 glucose-transporting protein in adipose tissue.

PTP1B-IN-20: Selective PTP1B inhibitor, IC50=1.05μM; less effective on TCPTP (IC50=78μM), targets type 2 diabetes.

BMS-986318: potent FXR agonist, EC50=53/350 nM, good ADME, effective in liver disease models, for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis research.

MK-0736 is a potent and selective 11β-HSD-1 inhibitor.

BAY-7081 is a cyanopyridone-based compound that functions as a potent, selective, and orally active PDE9A inhibitor, demonstrating an inhibition concentration (

5α-Androst-16-en-3-one, a mammalian pheromone present in boar saliva, plays a crucial role in facilitating social and sexual interactions by acting as a volatile chemical cue. It is utilized to prime sows in estrus for mating or artificial insemination, underscoring its significance in reproductive behavior. Additionally, this compound is detected in human sweat and urine, where it is involved in studies concerning receptor-mediated odorant detection and the genetic foundations of anosmias, thereby broadening its scope of relevance beyond the animal kingdom.

BMS-962212: reversible, selective FXIa blocker, well-tolerated, quick PD effect, rapid clearance, alters clotting time/activity.

4BAB (compound 29) is an irreversible inhibitor of glyoxalase I (GLO1) and exhibits anticancer activity.

RORγt modulator 4 is a RORγt modulator that regulates IL-17A production activity in cells derived from mouse spleen.

AS 183 is an inhibitor of cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT).

Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFA), notably present in the retina, sperm, and brain, have yet to be fully understood in terms of their biosynthesis and functional roles within these tissues. Recent research, particularly with the elongation of very long-chain FA-4 protein, indicates a distinct function for VLCPUFAs in retinal development and the progression of macular degeneration. CAY10632, a specific C32:6 VLCPUFA, while largely unexplored in its biological activities, is believed to play a role in maintaining normal function of photoreceptor cells in the retina.

C22 Phytoceramide (t18:0/22:0) is a lipid molecule that can be used in life science related research. The CAS number of C22 Phytoceramide (t18:0/22:0) is 164576-03-8.

MLS000545091 is a potent and selective human epithelial 15-lipoxygenase-2 mixed-type inhibitor.

B 581 is an inhibitor that specifically blocks farnesylated.

Pentadecanoyl ethanolamide, a derivative of the endogenous lipid amides (N-acylethanolamines), demonstrates anticonvulsant efficacy in electroshock-induced seizures in mice, exhibiting minimal toxicity [1].

ICMT-IN-43 (compound 22) acts as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme ICMT, exhibiting an inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.04 μM [1].

AGN 193109 is a potent antagonist of retinoic acid receptors (RARs; Kd= 2, 2, and 3 nM for RARα, β, and γ, respectively), exhibiting selectivity for RARs over retinoid X receptors (RXRs; Kd= >10,000 nM for human RXRα, β, and γ receptors). This compound effectively reverses cellular morphology changes and growth suppression induced by RAR agonists such as all-trans-RA, 13-cis-RA, and 9-cis-RA in ECE16-1 human endometrial ectocervical epithelial cells, particularly when used at a 10-fold molar excess. Furthermore, AGN 193109 downregulates the expression of cytokeratin K5-8, 13, 14, 16, 17, and 19 genes, indicating inhibition of retinoid action, specifically when co-administered with TTNPB but not as a standalone treatment. In vivo studies demonstrate teratogenic effects, including cleft palate, frontonasal dysplasia, and eye malformations in mouse fetuses following a single oral dose of 1 mg/kg.

RORγt Inverse agonist 3 is a potent, selective and orally active inverse agonist of RORγ(EC50s of 0.22 μM and 0.15 μM for hRORγ and RORγt (human IL-17 cells),

Chinese gallotannin, a non-specific promiscuous inhibitor of α-amylase, exhibits a K(i) value of 0.82 μg/mL against human salivary α-amylase and shows potential

(+/-)12-HpETE, a vasodilator, is a 12-hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid produced by lipoxygenase [1].

KCA-1490 is an inhibitor of dual PDE3/4.

Dieicosanoin is a diacylglycerol that incorporates arachidic acid, a saturated long-chain fatty acid featuring a 20-carbon backbone. This acid is derivable from sources such as peanut butter and anaerobic fungi [1] [2].

Yonkenafil HCl, a PDE5 inhibitor, is used potentially for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid, an ω-8 C20:2 fatty acid, constitutes 0.19% of total fatty acids in human milk. In vivo, it is converted by desaturases into eicosatrienoic acids, known for their potent vasodilator properties. However, the physiological effects of 8(Z),14(Z)-Eicosadienoic Acid remain unexplored.

ICMT-IN-53 (compound 12) is an ICMT inhibitor exhibiting an IC50 of 0.96 μM, alongside favorable PAMPA permeability and antiproliferative properties.

BMS-185411 is a bio-active chemical.

1,3-Dipalmitoyl glycero-2-phosphatidylethanolamine is a phospholipid incorporating saturated long-chain (16:0) stearic acid at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions, with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) at the sn-2 position. Phosphatidylethanolamines, critical components of biological membranes, play essential structural and functional roles. Various PE types are instrumental in forming micelles, liposomes, and other synthetic membranes.

PDE5-IN-42 is a selective inhibitor of second-generation phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5).

ICMT-IN-44 (compound 23) serves as an ICMT inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.167 μM [1].

Selenocystine, a broad-spectrum anticancer agent, effectively induces DNA damage, notably DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), in HepG2 cells, showcasing

ICMT-IN-19 (compound 53) serves as a potent inhibitor of ICMT, demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.026 μM [1].

ICMT-IN-46 (compound 25) is a potent inhibitor of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT), exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.556 μM [1].

Arachidonoyl amide (AMC-AA) is a fatty acid amide among several that serve to quantify fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity. FAAH, with its relative lack of selectivity, processes various amide head groups beyond ethanolamine, the head group of its primary endogenous substrate, anandamide (AEA). The interaction of AMC-AA with FAAH leads to the liberation of fluorescent aminomethyl coumarin, which has an absorption peak at 360 nm and emission at 465 nm. This fluorescence release facilitates the rapid and efficient assessment of FAAH activity through the utilization of either a standard cuvette or a microplate fluorometer.

LY-338979 is an impurity of pemetrexedone.

YG1702, a potent inhibitor specific to ALDH18A1, suppresses the proliferation of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma (NB) and reduces MYCN expression.

"Oral FXR antagonist 1 selectively blocks intestinal FXR, with IC50 of 2.1 μM, aiding in NASH research by improving liver health."

Cholesterylamine, a cationic lipid, can be incorporated into PLGA to create particles with a charged surface, facilitating its use in drug delivery systems and

Eucalyptacid A, a metabolite with antifungal properties, demonstrates efficacy against Alternaria solani, displaying minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)

DLPA is a phosphatidic acid (PA) that incorporates the medium-chain lauric acid (12:0).

ICMT-IN-50 (compound 3) serves as an inhibitor of ICMT with an IC50 value of 0.31 µM [1].

MγLnFP, an analog of methyl arachidonyl fluozophosphonate (MAFP), holds significance in pharmacological research due to its potential as an inhibitor of phospholipases, FAAH, and its role as a CB receptor ligand. However, the properties and effects of the γ-linolenyl variant of MAFP remain to be fully explored.

9(Z),11(E)-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Methyl Ester, identified in lemon grass (C. flexuosus), serves as a standard for quantifying conjugated linoleic acids in thermally stressed olive oil and trans fats in bakery products. [Matreya, LLC. Catalog No. 1255]

N-Desethyl Brinzolamide oxalate functions as a dual inhibitor targeting Carbonic anhydrase II and Carbonic anhydrase IV, exhibiting inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1.28 nM and 128 nM, respectively [1].

HSD17B13-IN-2 (compound 1) serves as a potent inhibitor of hydroxysteroid 17ß-dehydrogenase 13 (HSD17B13) with demonstrable activity in cellular experiments [1

C16 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:1/16:0) is a lipid molecule that can be used in life science related research. The CAS number of C16 1-Deoxyceramide (m18:1/16:0) is 1246298-56-5.

ICMT-IN-38 (Compound 42) is an ICMT inhibitor, demonstrating an IC50 value of 0.049 μM [1].

2-Myristyl dipalmitin (PMP), a triglyceride of palmitic acid, shows potential as a lipid marker for Wilson's disease (WD) [1] [2].

ICMT-IN-26 (compound 38) acts as an ICMT inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.36 μM [1].

MetAP2-IN-1 is a selective inhibitor of MetAP2, a target involved in angiogenesis-related conditions, suitable for research applications [1].

ICMT-IN-52 (compound 44) serves as an ICMT inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.052 μM [1].

(±)-HIP-A is an excitatory amino acid transporter blocker.

L-hydroxylysine dihydrochloride , is formed by posttranslational hydroxylation of some lysine residues. It is an amino acid, is exclusive to collagen protein.

RORγt Inverse agonist 6 is an agonist of RORγt inverse. RORγt Inverse agonist 6 can be used in research on Th17-driven autoimmune diseases.

ICMT-IN-54 (compound 7c), an adamantyl analogue, serves as an ICMT inhibitor with an IC50 value of 12.4 μM, targeting the methylation process facilitated by

MGAT2-IN-2 is a potent inhibitor of acyl CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (MGAT2) (IC50 of 3.4 nM).

inhibitor of both glial and neuronal uptake of glutamate, aspartate and cysteate.

C14-SPM, a branched-chain polyamine lipidoid, facilitates the delivery of siRNA [1].

Raloxifene Bismethyl Ether hydrochloride is a Raloxifene metabolite and an estrogen receptor inactive compound on which both hydroxyl groups are absent.

C2 Dihydro Ceramide (d18:0/2:0) (C2 Dihydroceramide) is a ceramide that is a precursor of ceramide synthesis and stimulates ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux.

4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside (4MU-αGlc) is a fluorescence substrate for α-glucosidase, serving as a biomarker for Fabry disease and Pompe disease

ICMT-IN-6 (compound 29) serves as an inhibitor of isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT), exhibiting an inhibitory concentration 50 (IC50) value of

ICMT-IN-34 (compound 39) serves as an effective inhibitor of ICMT, exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.17 μM [1].

13-OAHSA, a branched fatty acid ester of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), results from the esterification of oleic acid to 13-hydroxy stearic acid. It represents a significant component of the FAHFA family, most abundantly expressed in the serum of glucose-tolerant AG4OX mice that exhibit adipose tissue-specific overexpression of the Glut4 glucose transporter. Similar to other FAHFAs which are known to enhance glucose tolerance, stimulate insulin secretion, and exert anti-inflammatory effects, 13-OAHSA may play a pivotal role in managing metabolic syndrome and inflammation.

FXIa-IN-7 is an orally available, selective and potent inhibitor of factor XIa for the study of thrombophilia.

cKK-E15, a peptide-lipid, is instrumental in formulating LNP3 alongside C14PEG2000, unmodified cholesterol, and DOPE [1].

C12-113, a lipidoid delivery agent, effectively transfects siRNA into cells and, when combined with additional lipids, forms lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). These LNPs facilitate the delivery of mRNA encoding the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in mice [1] [2].

1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-N,N-dimethyl-PE is a derivative of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-PE (1,2-DPPE) with two added methyl groups on its sn-3 moiety, which in aqueous suspensions, reduces the phase transition temperature relative to those of 1,2-DPPE and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-N-methyl-PE (1,2-NMeDPPE). It is utilized in creating liposomes and monolayers for investigating membrane permeability and monolayer viscosity.

"113-O12B is an ionizable cationic lipidoid containing a disulfide bond, utilized in the generation of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for mRNA delivery [1]."

COX-2-IN-30, a benzenesulfonamide derivative, is an orally active, dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; IC50 = 49 nM) and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1; IC50 =

ICMT-IN-31 (compound 68) serves as an ICMT inhibitor, demonstrating significant potency with an IC50 value of 0.0038 μM [1].

1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-stearoyl-rac-glycerol, a primary triacylglycerol in cocoa butter, features palmitic acid (at the sn-1 position), oleic acid (at the sn-2 position), and stearic acid (at the sn-3 position).

1a,1b-Dihomo Prostaglandin F2α (1a,1b-dihomo PGF2α), a hypothetical product of adrenic acid in the COX pathway, is predominantly synthesized in the renal medulla, reflecting the selective distribution of adrenic acid in this region.