Antibiotics

<p>Flavomycin - 8% premix is an antibacterial feed additive with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for promoting growth and improving feed efficiency in livestock and poultry.</p>

<p>Ceftizoxime sodium is a sodium salt form of ceftizoxime with similar action and applications as ceftizoxime.</p>

<p>D-Cycloserine is a antibiotic and NMDA receptor partial agonist with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and modulation of NMDA receptors and is used for treating tuberculosis and studying neuropsychiatric disorders.</p>

<p>Desfuroyl ceftiofur sodium is a veterinary cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from cephalosporin C, a beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the fungus Cephalosporium acremonium. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to and inactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, particularly effective against Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Validoxylamine A is an antibiotic, which is a secondary metabolite produced by certain strains of the Actinomyces species. It functions as a potent inhibitor of the enzyme glucose isomerase, which plays a crucial role in the isomerization of glucose to fructose, an important biochemical reaction in various microbial and plant systems.</p>

<p>Maduramicin ammonium is an anticoccidial agent with action on protozoal parasites by disrupting ion gradients and is used for preventing coccidiosis in poultry.</p>

<p>Membrane pore-forming agent; H+, K+, Pb2+ ionophore; polyether antibiotic</p>

<p>Pazufloxacin hydrochloride is a synthetic antibacterial agent, which is derived from the fluoroquinolone class of antibiotics with a broad-spectrum activity against various bacterial pathogens. This compound, sourced through chemical synthesis, functions primarily by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, which are critical enzymes for DNA replication, transcription, repair, and recombination. The inhibition of these enzymes leads to the disruption of bacterial DNA processes, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Herbicidin C is an antibiotic, which is derived from a microbial source, specifically from certain strains of actinobacteria. This compound functions as an inhibitor, interfering with specific metabolic pathways within target organisms. Its mode of action involves disrupting the synthesis of critical proteins, which are essential for cell survival and growth.</p>

<p>Biapenem is a carbapenem antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins.</p>

<p>Carbomycin is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces halstedii. This antibiotic functions by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, thereby inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Through this mechanism, carbomycin effectively disrupts the growth and replication of susceptible bacterial strains, making it a potent tool in combating bacterial infections.</p>

<p>Cefditoren acid sodium is an antibacterial agent that belongs to the class of third-generation cephalosporins, which is derived from Acremonium fungus and produced through chemical synthesis. This compound acts by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to cell lysis and death. It achieves this by binding to specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall. The interruption of peptidoglycan synthesis in the cell wall is crucial for maintaining bacterial cell integrity, and its inhibition results in the bactericidal activity of cefditoren acid sodium. It is effective against a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The key applications of this compound include the treatment of bacterial infections such as respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and other conditions caused by susceptible bacteria. Its spectrum of activity and pharmacokinetic properties make it suitable for situations where third-generation cephalosporins are indicated. Understanding the specific interaction with PBPs and the resistance mechanisms is crucial for optimizing its clinical use and managing antibiotic resistance.</p>

<p>Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.</p>

<p>Cefatrizine is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic cephalosporin derived from cephalosporin C, a natural product originating from the fungus Acremonium chrysogenum. It exerts its mode of action through the inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis, a critical component for bacterial growth and replication. Specifically, cefatrizine targets and binds to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located inside the bacterial cell wall, leading to the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. This disruption results in cell lysis and ultimately bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Amphotericin B is a macrocycle antibiotic with very potent antifungal effects and resistance very rarely occurs. Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal that binds to fungal cell membrane, i.e., ergosterol disrupts the membrane permeability leading to leakage of intracellular components. It is often used as an alternative therapy for leishmaniasis and to treat severe mycoses including: systemic Candida, Cryptococcus, blastomycosis, and histoplasmosis.</p>

<p>Chloramphenicol is produced by Streptomyces venezuelae. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with bacteriostatic properties. It interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosome unit. Used as substrate in the CAT (chloramphenicol acetyl transferase) assay, where the CAT gene expression is monitored by the ability of a system to transform chloramphenicol into acetyl chloramphenicol, which can be followed by simple thin layer chromatography. It is employed in VTM to prevent bacterial growth during specimen storage and transportation.</p>

<p>Methacycline HCl is a tetracycline antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating bacterial infections such as respiratory and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Fostriecin is a potent anticancer agent, which is a natural product isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces pulveraceus. It acts primarily as an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, particularly protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and protein phosphatase 4 (PP4), functioning by blocking their catalytic activity. This inhibition disrupts cell cycle regulation, leading to apoptosis in cancer cells.</p>

<p>Chlortetracycline hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium *Streptomyces aureofaciens*. It operates by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria through binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. This mechanism effectively blocks the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex, thereby preventing the addition of new amino acids to the nascent peptide chain.</p>

<p>Monensin sodium is a polyether antibiotic with action on ion transport across bacterial cell membranes and is used for preventing coccidiosis and improving feed efficiency in livestock.</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>7-Deazaadenosine is a chemical compound used as an antibiotic for culture media, which is a synthetic nucleoside analog derived from adenosine. Its structure is modified by replacing a nitrogen atom in the purine ring with a carbon atom, thus altering its biological interactions. The primary mode of action of 7-Deazaadenosine involves its incorporation into nucleic acids, where it acts as an inhibitor of nucleic acid-processing enzymes. This interference can effectively impede processes like DNA and RNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Cycloheximide, Antibiotic for Culture Media Use Only, is an antifungal agent derived from the Streptomyces griseus bacterium. Its primary mode of action involves the inhibition of eukaryotic protein synthesis by interfering with the translocation step on the 80S ribosome. This leads to rapid arrest of protein assembly, effectively limiting fungal and certain yeast growth in culture.</p>

<p>Antibiotic; RNA and DNA synthesis inhibitor; adenosine analogue</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Novobiocin is an aminocoumarin antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit ATPase activity and is used for treating staphylococcal infections and research on DNA replication.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; cephalosporin class</p>

<p>Cefoperazone free acid is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory, urinary, and skin infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>Penicillin G sodium is a natural penicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating bacterial infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea, and anthrax.</p>

<p>Alvespimycin hydrochloride is a chemical inhibitor that binds and inhibits the ATP-binding site of Hsp90, an enzyme involved in protein synthesis. This inhibition prevents the release of other proteins that are needed for protein synthesis, leading to cell death. Alvespimycin hydrochloride has been shown to have anti-cancer properties in vitro assays. Alvespimycin hydrochloride is a semi-synthetic derivative of the antibiotic geldanamycin</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; aminoglycoside</p>

<p>Cycloheximide is produced by the bacteria Streptomyces griseus. In eukaryotic organisms, it acts as an inhibitor of protein biosynthesis, interfering with protein elongation by binding to the E-site of ribosomes after two elongation cycles. It has many in vitro applications, with the most popular being to determine a protein’s half-life. It is used as an antifungal in VTM. It does not appear to inhibit cell culture or viral replication at a concentration of 10ug/ml.</p>

<p>Oritavancin is a semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety of peptidoglycan precursors. It has been shown to be active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Clostridium perfringens. Oritavancin also inhibits the growth of thp-1 cells in vitro and has been shown to be effective against endocarditis caused by MRSA.</p>

<p>Tobramycin used to treat severe infections with gram-negative bacteria and it is often applied in combination with beta-lactams. It has similar antimicrobial effects to gentamicin and is effective against all Enterobacteriacae, but more effective than gentamicin against P. aeruginosa, which is why it is often used for gentamicin-resistant strains, especially in the case of cystic fibrosis.</p>

<p>C-390 is an antibacterial agent. Selective isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from other bacterial species when added to an agar medium.</p>

<p>Second-generation lipoglycopeptide antibiotic</p>

<p>N-Desmethyl clarithromycin is a metabolite of clarithromycin with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for studying clarithromycin pharmacokinetics.</p>

<p>Amicetin is a type of antibiotic, which is derived from bacterial sources, specifically from Streptomyces species. It functions primarily by inhibiting protein synthesis in susceptible bacteria, achieved through interfering with the aminoacyl-tRNA binding process on the ribosome. This mechanism disrupts the translation process, thereby preventing bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Cefdinir is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and ear infections.</p>

<p>Ceftaroline fosamil is an antibacterial agent used to treat various bacterial infections such as pneumonia. Ceftaroline fosamil binds to the ribosomal RNA of bacteria, preventing the formation of proteins necessary for cell division. Ceftaroline fosamil has been shown to be highly active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, and fungi such as Candida species.</p>

<p>Fluoroquinolone; inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell-wall synthesis; carbapenem class</p>

<p>9-Erythromycin 9-oxime is an activty inpurity, binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit of bacteria.</p>

<p>Nadifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA synthesis and is used for treating acne vulgaris and bacterial skin infections.</p>

<p>A macrolide, broad-spectrum antibiotic that targets cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). Clarithromycin has been used to potentiate the pharmacological effects of some drugs that are metabolised by the cytochrome P450.</p>

<p>Ceftazidime is a broad-spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic that inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). It is used to treat many bacteria infections including pneumonia and septicaemia. It has shown to be effective against some treatment-resistant bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.</p>

<p>Oxacillin sodium monohydrate is a hydrated form of oxacillin sodium with similar action and applications as oxacillin sodium.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of beta-lactamase; inhibitor of cell wall synthesis; beta-lactam class</p>

<p>Erythromycin, Antibiotic for Culture Media Use Only, is a macrolide antibiotic derived from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. It functions by inhibiting protein synthesis, specifically targeting the 50S ribosomal subunit in susceptible bacteria. This action results in the prevention of peptide chain elongation, effectively halting bacterial growth and proliferation.</p>

<p>Antimicrobial agent</p>

<p>Finafloxacin hydrochloride is an antibiotic, which is a synthetic compound derived from the fluoroquinolone class. Its source is a chemically engineered structure, specifically designed to combat bacterial infections effectively. The mode of action of Finafloxacin hydrochloride involves the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, essential enzymes responsible for DNA replication, transcription, and repair in bacteria. By inhibiting these enzymes, it disrupts bacterial DNA processes, ultimately leading to cell death and resolution of the infection.</p>

<p>Acetylspiramycin - Mixture of components is a derivative of spiramycin and is used as an antibiotic.</p>

<p>Seco erythromycin is a derivative of the macrolide antibiotic erythromycin, which originates from the bacterium *Saccharopolyspora erythraea*. As a semi-synthetic compound, it retains the core lactone ring structure of erythromycin, but modifications in its chemical configuration confer distinct properties. Seco erythromycin operates by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. This action effectively halts bacterial growth by preventing the translocation of peptides and thus impairs protein assembly.</p>

<p>Anthracycline antibiotic with potent anti-tumoral activity. The compound interferes with DNA replication and RNA transcription since it intercalates between the base pairs of nucleic acids. It also inhibits the topoisomerase II, proteasome and generates free radicals, which leads to cell death of treated cells. Moreover, daunorubicin triggers apoptosis trough the stimulation of ceramide synthesis. It has been used as chemotherapy agent for the treatment of myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL).</p>

<p>Cefotaxime sodium is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C obtained from the mold Acremonium. This compound functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, which it achieves through binding to and deactivating penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) located on the inner membrane of the bacterial cell wall. This action prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, primarily affecting rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of cell wall biogenesis; glycopeptide antibiotic</p>

<p>Carumonam disodium is a monobactam antibiotic, which is derived from microbial fermentation processes. Its mode of action involves binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) of susceptible Gram-negative bacteria. This binding inhibits the final transpeptidation step of peptidoglycan synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Delamanid is a second-line antimicrobial agent, which is a synthetic derivative of the nitro-dihydro-imidazooxazole compound. Delamanid originates from a laboratory synthesis designed to target and inhibit specific components of bacterial cell wall synthesis. The mode of action involves the inhibition of mycolic acid synthesis, which is critical for the maintenance and construction of the cell wall in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This inhibition disrupts bacterial cell wall integrity, ultimately exerting a bactericidal effect against actively replicating and dormant mycobacterial cells.</p>

<p>Nitrocycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a synthetic derivative of tetracycline with enhanced antibacterial properties. As a chemically synthesized compound, nitrocycline has been engineered to overcome resistance mechanisms common in bacterial pathogens. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of protein synthesis, achieved by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, effectively preventing the addition of new amino acids to nascent peptide chains. This binding action interrupts bacterial growth and replication, providing robust activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Piperacillin sodium, pharma grade is a pharmaceutical-grade beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for research and pharmaceutical applications.</p>

<p>Midecamycin is a macrolide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and is used for treating respiratory tract and skin infections.</p>

<p>Polypeptide antibiotic used as a feed additive</p>

<p>Dirithromycin is a macrolide glycopeptide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating respiratory, skin, and other bacterial infections.</p>

<p>β-lactam antibiotic of penicillin subclass, which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting the proteoglycan synthesis. Cloxacillin has a narrow spectrum of action and is effective against Gram-positive organisms. Cloxacillin is resistant to the action of β-lactamase and therefore preferentially used for treatment of Staphylococcal infections.</p>

<p>Broad spectrum, long-acting and lipid soluble tetracycline antibody</p>

<p>Ethambutol 2HCl is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial agent with action on arabinosyl transferases to inhibit cell wall synthesis and is used for treating tuberculosis in combination with other antibiotics.</p>

<p>Antibacterial used in treatment of UTI and respiratory tract infections</p>

<p>Natural diterpene; anti-microbial</p>

<p>Lysostaphin is an antimicrobial enzyme with a mode of action that cleaves the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus. It is used for treating staphylococcal infections and in research applications.</p>

<p>Doxorubicin Impurity B is a chemical impurity of doxorubicin with no direct therapeutic action but used in research and quality control.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of bacterial cell wall biogenesis; penicillin class</p>

<p>Oligomycin C 97% is a macrolide antibiotic with action on mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibition and is used for research on oxidative phosphorylation and cellular metabolism.</p>

<p>Natamycin is a polyene macrolide antifungal agent with action on fungal cell membranes by binding to sterols and is used for treating fungal infections and as a food preservative.</p>

<p>1,6'-Di-HABA kanamycin A is a derivative of kanamycin A, an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections by blocking cell wall synthesis or by inhibiting protein synthesis.</p>

<p>Tubulysin A is a natural cytotoxic agent, which is derived from myxobacteria. The compound originates from strains such as Archangium gephyra and Angiococcus disciformis, known for their prolific production of secondary metabolites. Tubulysin A exerts its mode of action by disrupting microtubule dynamics, which are essential for cell division and intracellular transport. It specifically binds to the microtubules and inhibits their polymerization, leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.</p>

<p>Paromomycin sulfate is an antibiotic used for culture media to control bacterial contamination of mediums and other laboratory substances. Most Gram-negative bacteria strains are sensitive to paromomycin sulfate, showing a low sensitivity (≀10%) in Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia marcescens. Paromomycin sulfate is also used in the treatment of colorectal cancer by blocking DNA synthesis through inhibition of protein synthesis in susceptible cells. This can result in reduced damage in colon tumor cells within the body, although it may have neurotoxic effects on brain tissue. Furthermore, it has anti-inflammatory properties when given orally or intravenously at therapeutic doses. Acridine orange can be used to identify sulfuric acid resistant gram.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide</p>

<p>Milbemycin oxime is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent with action on glutamate-gated chloride channels in parasites and is used for preventing heartworm and treating intestinal worms in animals.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; streptogramin</p>

<p>Mitomycin C is a cytotoxic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis. This product is tested according to USP specification. Mitomycin C has been shown to be effective against resistant mutants and carcinoma cell lines. It also has genotoxic activity and induces statistically significant chromosome aberrations in mammalian cells. Mitomycin C is toxic to the mitochondria, which may be due to its ability to induce mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, leading to apoptosis. Mitomycin C binds to the response element in the genome, causing transcriptional repression of a number of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. Mitomycin C inhibits squamous carcinoma cells by binding to their DNA and preventing RNA synthesis.</p>

<p>Lincomycin 2,7-dipalmitate is an antibiotic compound that is a semi-synthetic derivative originating from the natural antibiotic lincomycin, which itself is produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis. This compound functions by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Specifically, it binds to the 23S rRNA component of the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby disrupting the process of RNA translocation and inhibiting the synthesis of essential proteins needed for bacterial growth and replication.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of DNA replication; aminoglycoside class</p>