Metabolism

Oral, brain-penetrant mutant IDH1 inhibitor targeting R132H/C with IC50: 0.021/0.045μM; 2.52μM for IDH1WT.

Sphingomyelin (d18:1/12:0) is a polar lipid known for its role in modulating cell signal transduction. It plays a critical role in cell membranes, influencing their fluidity and stability. Additionally, sphingomyelin (d18:1/12:0) is involved in lipid metabolism and has potential in promoting neuronal cell growth. This compound is essential for the functioning and development of the nervous system.

<p>Pyrocatechol sulfate, a phenolic metabolite found in human plasma, is associated with the intake of specific foods such as berries and the state of the gut microbiome. It serves as a potential urinary biomarker for kidney function, dialysis clearance rates, whole grain consumption, and regular coffee intake. Additionally, in conjunction with other phenolic sulfates, pyrocatechol sulfate plays a role in regulating various biological functions, including those related to brain health and the rhythmic beating of cardiac cells.</p>

ASB14780 is a 4-phenoxy derivative and an inhibitor of cytoplasmic phospholipase cPLA2α (IC50: 20 nM).

D-2-Phosphoglyceric acid is a crucial metabolic intermediate known for its role in enhancing cellular energy metabolism and regulating biosynthesis. It plays a key role in both glycolysis and photosynthesis, which are essential for cellular energy supply. Additionally, D-2-Phosphoglyceric acid serves as a biomarker for monitoring metabolic states in various organisms.

<p>IDO2-IN-1: potent oral IDO2 inhibitor, IC50 = 112 nM, for inflammatory autoimmunity research.</p>

DOCP (2-((2,3-Bis(oleoyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphate) is a lipid characterized by an opposite charge orientation compared to traditional phosphatidylcholine (PC) lipids, featuring quaternary ammonium near the bilayer interface and phosphate groups projecting into the aqueous environment. This unique structure of iPC lipids presents an excellent opportunity to investigate the biophysical characteristics and biological activities influenced by the reversal of surface charges on bilayers.

1-Stearoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate sodium, a biologically active phospholipid, plays a crucial role in regulating cell motility, proliferation, invasion, survival, and the production of growth factors through interactions with G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). Synthesized during the formation of membrane phospholipids, this compound typically has a low plasma concentration (approximately 100nM) and originates from various cell types, including activated platelets, epithelial cells, leukocytes, neuronal cells, and tumor cells. Its distinctive structure features stearic acid at the sn-1 position and a hydroxyl group at the sn-2 position.

EB-0176: A valerian derivative; broad-spectrum antiviral; potent ER α-glucosidase I/II inhibitor; IC50s: 0.6439/0.0011 μM.

<p>Magnesium ionophore III (ETH 4030) is an ion carrier that regulates intracellular magnesium ion concentrations. It enhances cellular functions and metabolic activities by increasing the permeability of cell membranes to magnesium ions. Additionally, Magnesium ionophore III is utilized in research to explore the significance of magnesium ions in biological processes and their impact on cellular physiology.</p>

LRAT-IN-1 (compound 1) is an inhibitor of lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) with an IC50 value of 21.1 μM. This compound works by inhibiting the esterification of retinol to form retinyl esters, thereby increasing the availability of retinol in the skin to deliver anti-aging benefits. LRAT-IN-1 is under investigation for its potential use as an anti-aging ingredient in cosmetics.

MAGL-IN-19 (compound 7o) is a highly effective and selective inhibitor of MAGL.

BAY 74-4113 is a DGAT1 inhibitor with an IC50 of 72 nM. It is utilized in research related to obesity.

<p>Compound 11, a selective PPARδ agonist, demonstrates an EC50 of 20 nM, indicating its high affinity for PPARδ receptors. This compound efficiently reduces levels of nitric oxide (NO), as well as the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells via the NF-κB pathway, showcasing its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, Compound 11 exhibits remarkable stability in human liver microsomes and plasma. It significantly ameliorates foot edema induced by Carrageenan, displaying favorable pharmacokinetic properties with a bioavailability of approximately 100%.</p>

DEL-I25 is an effective activator of GPX4 that protects cells from ferroptosis (iron-dependent cell death).

Casein kinase1δ-IN-17 (compound 753) is an inhibitor of casein kinase 1δ (CK1δ). It is applicable in research related to neurodegenerative diseases.

AD011, a cACE/NEP inhibitor derived from lenopril-tryptophan, may offer strong anti-hypertensive, cardioprotective benefits.

ACLY-IN-1 (compound 55) is a potent ACLY inhibitor with an IC50 of 8.3 nM, and it can be utilized in hyperlipidemia research.

Yck2-IN-1 (Compound 2a) is an inhibitor of the fungus Candida albicans Yck2. It has an IC50 of approximately 80 nM for Yck2 and an MIC80 of 12.5 µM for C. albicans, demonstrating good metabolic stability [66% remaining in mouse liver microsomes]. In a mouse model with drug-resistant Candida, Yck2-IN-1 significantly reduced fungal load in the kidneys. Yck2-IN-1 shows potential for research in antifungal infection treatments.

Dioctanoylphosphatidic acid sodium serves as a modulator of phagocyte respiratory bursts, a precursor to diacylglycerol and lyso-phosphatidic acid, and influences the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Additionally, it enhances the viability of gallbladder cancer cells inhibited by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI). This compound is derived from glycerophospholipids through the action of phospholipase D.