Organometallic Ligands

<p>Venlafaxine is an antidepressant drug used in the treatment of major depression, anxiety disorder and panic disorder. It is classed as an SNRI drug meaning it inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine so that there is an increased level of the neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.</p>

<p>A cytidine analogue and inhibitor of DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs) with anti-cancer activity. This stable, hydrophilic compound forms covalent complexes between DNMT and zebularine-substrate DNA. It causes DNA lesions that block replication and cause replication fork collapse, leading to the formation of DNA double-strand breaks. It was also shown that zebularine-induced DNA methylation decrease in the IL-1β promoter region and disrupts molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation. Moreover, this molecule down-regulates the DNA-methylation profile in the pluripotency genes’ promoters, which leads to improved development of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos.</p>

<p>D-Fructose-1,6-diphosphate trisodium salt octahydrate is a biochemical compound, an important intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. It is sourced from the glycolytic pathway, where it functions as a phosphorylated sugar derivative formed from fructose-6-phosphate through the action of phosphofructokinase. As an allosteric regulator, it plays a crucial role in glycolysis, acting to accelerate enzyme reactions that convert glucose to pyruvate, thus providing energy to cells.</p>

<p>Corticosteroid; anti-inflammatory; treats dermatological conditions</p>

<p>EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor; pro-apoptotic; antiproliferative in cancer cells</p>

<p>6-Thioguanine is a purine analog used in the therapy for leukemia and for remission consolidation in patients with acute nonlymphocytic anemia. This drug also has antimetabolite action. It replaces guanine during DNA replication. This substitution disrupts the accurate pairing of DNA bases, leading to errors in DNA replication and hinders cell division.</p>

<p>Picrotoxin is a GABA-A receptor antagonist that is used to relieve respiratory distress. This drug also is used as an antidote from poisoning by CNS depressants. Picrotoxin works by blocking the GABA activated chloride ionophore.</p>

<p>Activater of the Nrf2 pathway and an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway.  Possible applications have extended to anti-viral treatment of COVID-19.</p>

<p>PF 05214030 is a biosimilar monoclonal antibody, which is sourced from recombinant DNA technology and designed to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). This product functions by binding to TNF-α, a cytokine that plays a critical role in mediating inflammation. By preventing TNF-α from interacting with its receptors on cell surfaces, PF 05214030 effectively reduces the inflammatory response associated with various autoimmune and inflammatory conditions.</p>

<p>A prodrug of VRT 043198 that inhibits IL-converting enzyme (ICE)/caspase-1.  Inhibits LPS-induced secretion of cytokines. It has therapeutic potential in autoinflammatory diseases. VX 765 is cardioprotective in addition to the P2Y12 receptor inhibitor congrelor, resulting in reduced myocardial infarction.</p>

<p>Belinostat is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, which is a synthetic compound with a targeted mechanism of action. It is derived from the hydroxamic acid class and functions by inhibiting the activity of HDAC enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for removing acetyl groups from lysine residues on histone and non-histone proteins, altering chromatin structure and affecting gene expression. By inhibiting HDACs, Belinostat leads to an accumulation of acetylated histones, promoting an open chromatin structure and reactivation of silenced genes that can suppress tumor growth.</p>

<p>FTBMT is a GPR52 receptor agonist with an EC50 value of 71 nM. Studies demonstrate antipsychotic-like effects of FTBMT in murine models of schizophrenia. FTBMT elicits beneficial effects on cognitive processes such as spatial working memory and long-term memory in mice.</p>

<p>Reversible inhibitor of trypsin</p>

<p>Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which is used to treat various types of pain and inflammation caused by arthritis. It is also a COX-2 inhibitor which reduces gastrointestinal effects of this drug. Inhibiting these enzymes, allow for a decrease in inflammatory symptoms.</p>

<p>Immune suppressant; prevents pro-inflammatory cytokine release</p>

<p>Hydroxychloroquine is a drug that is used to treat multiple types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and discoid lupus. It is a prodrug, which is activated in the liver to hydroxychloroquine. It inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide by binding to the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and inhibiting signaling pathways downstream of TLR4 activation. Additionally, Hydroxychloroquine is used to prevent and treat malaria caused by parasitic protozoan from the Plasmodium genus. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that hydroxychloroquine has beneficial effects on COVID-19 patients, as the current evidence shows that hydroxychloroquine inhibits SARS CoV-2 entry in host cells by interfering with endocytosis and affecting the glycoprofile on the spike glycoprotein.</p>

<p>A serotonin reuptake inhibitor with anticholinergic activity and mild inhibitory activity on noradrenaline reuptake. Paroxetine has been used for the treatment of depression, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder.  Also inhibits nitric oxide synthase and cytochrome isoenzyme P450 2D6.</p>

<p>VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor</p>

<p>Inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2 kinases</p>

<p>Autophagy activator that acts through targeting the ATP6V1A subunit of vATPase</p>

<p>Thymidylate synthase inhibitor</p>

<p>Androgen receptor antagonist</p>

<p>2-[(2-Ethoxy phenoxy)methyl]morpholine HCl is a sophisticated chemical compound utilized extensively in scientific research. As a synthetic organic compound, it is derived through a meticulous process involving the reaction of morpholine with ethoxy phenoxy derivatives, followed by hydrochloride salt formation. This synthesis ensures high purity and accurate functionality, making it suitable for precise laboratory studies.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase activating protein_x000D_</p>

<p>Antagonist of α-adrenoceptors; vasoactive agent</p>

<p>Benazepril is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can be used to treat hypertension, heart failure and renal failure. It is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II. This inhibition prevents the vasoconstrictive effects of this peptide, which are mediated through activation of the renin-angiotensin system.</p>

<p>GSK-lsd1 dihydrochloride is a potent chemical inhibitor, which is derived synthetically to target LSD1, a histone demethylase involved in epigenetic regulation. It functions by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of LSD1, thereby affecting the methylation status of histones, a critical process in regulating gene expression. This inhibition leads to alterations in the transcriptional programs of cells, particularly those in oncogenic pathways.</p>

<p>Vadadustat is an orally administered hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF-PHI), which is a synthetic small molecule. Its mode of action involves the inhibition of prolyl hydroxylase enzymes, which normally facilitate the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) under normal oxygen conditions. By stabilizing HIF, vadadustat effectively mimics a hypoxic response, leading to increased endogenous production of erythropoietin (EPO), a key hormone in red blood cell production.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of leucine-rich repeat kinase LRRK2Â</p>

<p>Ticlopidine is a platelet aggregation inhibitor that is used in the prevention of conditions associated with thrombi such as stroke and ischemic attacks. This drug blocks the ADP receptor that is involved in GPIIb/IIIa receptor activation leading to platelet aggregation. By reducing platelet aggregation, ticlopidine helps prevent the formation of harmful blood clots that could block blood flow in arteries.</p>

<p>Peripheral vasodilator; nootropic agent</p>

<p>t-TUCB is a potent soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitor, which is a chemically synthesized compound. The mode of action of t-TUCB involves the inhibition of sEH, an enzyme responsible for the degradation of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). By inhibiting sEH, t-TUCB effectively increases the levels of EETs, which are signaling molecules involved in numerous physiological processes, including inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and pain perception.</p>

<p>MYCi975 is a microbial inoculant, which is a bio-based product designed for agricultural use. It originates from a carefully selected consortium of rhizobial bacteria, specifically tailored to establish a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants. The mode of action involves the colonization of the plant roots by these rhizobia, which then form nodules. Within these structures, the bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through biological nitrogen fixation, a process that enriches the soil and provides essential nitrogen to the host plant.</p>

<p>CYP17 lyase inhibitor; androgen receptor antagonist</p>

<p>Inhibits RNAPII-mediated trasncription; immunosuppressant; anti-inflammatory</p>

<p>Antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors; nondepolarising muscle relaxant</p>

<p>Apremilast is the commercial name of a phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor developed to treat chronic inflammatory disorders. Similarly to thalidomide, the apremilast molecule carries a phthalimide ring, but it lacks however the glutarimide ring needed to bind to cereblon, specifically targeted by thalidomide. As a drug, apremilast is indicated for the treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.</p>

<p>Galloylpaeoniflorin is a bioactive compound derived from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora, a plant traditionally used in various herbal medicines. This compound plays a significant role in the realm of natural products, offering intriguing possibilities for research due to its complex chemical structure and biological activities.</p>

<p>N-Acetyl mescaline is a synthetic compound derived from the naturally occurring hallucinogen mescaline, which is sourced from the Peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii) and other cacti. As an N-acetylated derivative, its chemical modification impacts the compound's mode of action, particularly in its interaction with serotonin (5-HT) receptors.This acetylation can alter the pharmacokinetics, potentially influencing its binding affinity and efficacy at various receptor sites, such as 5-HT2A. This receptor is notably implicated in the mechanism of action of classic psychedelics, mediating their sensory and cognitive effects.While mescaline is known for its strong psychotropic effects, N-Acetyl mescaline presents a modified profile, which may alter its psychoactive properties and duration of action. This compound is primarily studied in research settings to investigate its unique interactions with the neural network and its potential implications for neuroscience.</p>

<p>Agonist of hypothalamic neuropeptide LHRH</p>

<p>Ondansetron is a serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist that is used to prevent vomiting and nausea in patients undergoing chemotherapy. This drug blocks the initiation of the vomiting reflex.</p>

<p>Mianserin is a tetracyclic antidepressant drug that has antihistaminic and hypnosedative properties. It is used to treat depression in adults and children, as well as other disorders such as chronic pain and irritable bowel syndrome. This drug’s mechanism of action is not fully understood but is said to block alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1 and serotonin receptors.</p>

<p>Nicardipine is calcium channel blocker drug that is used for the treatment of hypertension and angina. This drug can also be used in the treatment of asthma and is said to enhance the action of various antineoplastic agents.</p>

<p>2-[4-(Piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide is a synthetic small molecule compound, which is a product of advanced medicinal chemistry. This compound is derived from a structured synthesis process focusing on the indazole core, which is known for its bioactive properties. The piperidin-3-yl phenyl moiety is intricately designed to optimize interaction with biological targets.</p>

<p>Naftopidil is an alpha adrenergic antagonist drug that is used to treat urinary symptoms and conditions related to benign prostatic hypertrophy. This drug works to relax smooth muscles by inhibiting alpha adrenergic receptors, thus allowing an improvement in urine flow.</p>

<p>Methotrexate is a chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive medication, which is a synthetic analog of folic acid. Its source is through chemical synthesis, mimicking the structure of dihydrofolate in order to exert its effects. Methotrexate acts primarily by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), leading to a decrease in tetrahydrofolate production. This disruption in folate metabolism results in the inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, which affects rapidly dividing cells.Methotrexate is employed broadly in clinical oncology as an antineoplastic agent, particularly in the treatment of leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, and osteosarcoma. Additionally, it serves as a cornerstone for managing autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, where it helps modulate the aberrant immune response. The dual role of Methotrexate in oncology and immunosuppression underscores its versatility and critical importance in therapeutic regimens. However, its use demands careful monitoring due to potential adverse effects on non-cancerous cells and organ systems, necessitating precise dosage management and patient evaluation.</p>

<p>A potent inhibitor of EGFR with sensitizing and T790M resistance mutations, selective over the wild-type form of the receptor. Causes tumour regression in EGFR mutant T790M transgenic and xenograft models in vivo.</p>

<p>Gardos channel inhibitor</p>

<p>Astemizole is an antihistamine drug used to treat allergy symptoms. This drug is a histamine-1 receptor antagonist and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. Its binding to histamine receptors suppresses flare ups and pruritus.</p>

<p>Atorvastatin is an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor which is used to lower lipid levels and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. This drug belongs to the class of medicines called statins. It lowers abnormal levels of cholesterol and lipids to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA.</p>

<p>A 939572 is an inhibitor of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1). It exhibits anticancer activity as it inhibits cell growth and promotes cell death in human non-small cell lung carcinoma cells.</p>

<p>Bremelanotide is a 7 amino acid peptide that is used to treat hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. This drug is an agonist of many melanocortin receptors. Although, its mechanism is unknown, it is said to increase melanin expression which aids in the regulation of sexual arousal.</p>

<p>Drotaverine is an antispasmodic drug that is used to alleviate gastrointestinal and genitourinary smooth muscle spasms. This drug works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase-4 and increasing levels of cAMP leading to smooth muscle relaxation.</p>

<p>Smoothened agonist and activator of the Hedgehog signalling pathway with EC50 of 3 nM. SAG binds to the Smoothened heptahelical bundle and antagonises effects of the Smoothened antagonist cyclopamine. In previous studies, SAG activated neurogenesis and neuronal survival in cell and animal models as well as improved cell differentiation of human induced pluripotent cells into the neuronal lineage.</p>

<p>Vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist</p>

<p>Inhibitor of Rho-kinases</p>

<p>A selective inhibitor of MEK5 protein kinase with an IC50 value of 4.3 nM. Blocks transcriptional activation of myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C). Inhibits phosphorylation of ERK5 protein kinase and thereby reverses inhibition of TNF signaling induced by fluid shear stress in endothelial cells. Induces apoptosis in FLT3-ITD cells.</p>

<p>13:0 Lyso PS is a lysophosphatidylserine, which is a synthetic lipid derivative that serves as a crucial component in biochemical research. It is synthesized from naturally occurring phospholipids, offering a structurally simplified molecule that retains the functional headgroup critical for biological activity. As a single fatty acid chain molecule, its mode of action includes the modulation of cellular processes through interactions with lysophospholipid receptors and participation in signaling pathways. These interactions can influence cell proliferation, apoptosis, or differentiation, depending on the biological context.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of p38 kinase</p>

<p>Irbp (1-20) is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). This product originates from a segment of IRBP, a vital protein found in the interphotoreceptor matrix of the eye. IRBP plays a crucial role in the transport of retinoids between the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium, essential for the visual cycle.</p>

<p>Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug that is used in the treatment for various mood and psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder. Although, its mechanism is not fully understood, the antipsychotic action of aripiprazole is likely due to its partial agonist activity on D2 and 5-HT1A receptors as well as its antagonist activity at 5-HT2A receptors.</p>

<p>A selective inhibitor of MEK1/2 kinase. Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic in multiple myeloma (MM) cells via G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and caspase 3 and PARP cleavage, respectively. Synergistic with other anti-MM therapies. Has anti-tumor effects in some solid tumors, such as in K-ras mutated colorectal cancer.</p>

<p>A potent inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 9 (PDE9) tested in human and murine in vitro assays (IC50 values: 55 nM and 100 nM respectively). BAY 73-6691 induces long-term potentiation and improves memory in rodents. Has therapeutic potential for Alzheimer’s disease.</p>

<p>Inhibits VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3, c-kit and PDGFR tyrosine kinases</p>

<p>Anti-inflammatory; inducer of P450 II B family</p>

<p>Adenosine A3 receptor antagonist</p>

<p>Allosteric activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) acting on the AMPK-β subunit with therapeutic potential in metabolic disorders such as diabetes, obesity, etc. A769662 also blocks the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and maintains the mESCs in naïve state even in the absence of leukemia inhibitory factor (2i/L).</p>

<p>Short acting monoamine oxidase inhibitor</p>

<p>A cannabinoid receptor agonist, which binds more selectively to CB2 than CB1 receptors (1000-fold). GW833972A inhibits vagus nerve depolarization induced by tussive agents, such as hypertonic saline (EC50 = 6.5 μM), capsaicin (EC50 = 33.9 μM) or PGE2 (EC50 = 15.9 μM).</p>

<p>Tizanidine is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist drug that is used in the treatment of muscle spasticity. This drug binds to alpha-2 adrenergic receptors and causes presynaptic inhibition of motor neurons. Additionally, it leads to a reduction in the release of amino acids such as glutamate and aspartate which have an excitatory effect.</p>

<p>Fludarabine triphosphate trisodium is a nucleotide analog, which is a type of chemotherapy agent derived from purine nucleosides. This compound is the active metabolite of fludarabine, sourced from synthetic chemistry designed to mimic naturally occurring nucleotides involved in DNA replication. The mode of action involves its incorporation into the DNA strand during replication, where it effectively inhibits DNA polymerase and ribonucleotide reductase. This disruption impairs DNA synthesis, leading to apoptosis or programmed cell death, particularly in rapidly dividing cancer cells.</p>

<p>AZD9567 is a selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator (SGRM), which is a synthetic pharmaceutical compound. Its source is rooted in medicinal chemistry efforts to design ligands that selectively interact with glucocorticoid receptors. The mode of action of AZD9567 involves binding to glucocorticoid receptors with high specificity, modulating their activity to trigger anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses while minimizing common side effects associated with traditional glucocorticoids.</p>

<p>Inhibits tankyrase (TNKS1 and TNKS2 with IC50 values of 11 and 4 nM respectively), by binding to the catalytic poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) domain. This stabilizes cytoplasmic protein Axin, mediating β-catenin depletion and thereby suppresses Wnt signalling pathway. XAV 939 has anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on neuroblastoma and colorectal cancer cells.</p>

<p>5-HT3 receptor antagonist; alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist</p>

<p>Tacrolimus is a calcineurin inhibitor drug that is used for the prevention of rejection after an organ transplant. This drug can also be used in the treatment of severe atopic dermatitis. Tacrolimus’ mechanism of action is not well known however it is understood that this drug inhibits T-lymphocyte activation by binding to an intracellular protein called FKBP-12. This drug also has anti-inflammatory properties.</p>

<p>Carvediol is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent and an alpha 1-adrenoceptor blocker. It can be used as a drug, belonging to the class of beta blockers, in the treatment of heart failure, coronary artery disease, and hypertension. Carvedilol has been shown to reduce the risk of death in patients with heart failure and improve symptoms. Furthermore it has an effect on blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and mean arterial pressure. Carvedilol can be metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes and CYP2D6 and CYP2C9 liver enzymes.</p>

<p>Loratadine is a non-sedating, inverse agonist antihistamine used for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, an IgE (immunoglobulin E) mediated disease. Loratadine binds to histamine H1 receptors, preventing histamine from binding and causing an allergic reaction.It has been found to inhibit the release of eosinophil cationic protein by acting on different components of allergic inflammation, in particular in the modulation of ICAM-1 expression on nasal epithelial cells as a mechanism of protective for the epithelium, and therefore, the damage of mucosa is reduced. In recent studies, it was found that loratadine is a potent HR1 antagonist with in vitro inhbitory effect on human mast-cell lines, HMC-1 (from mast cell leukaemia) with an IC50 between 10 and 50 μM.Loratadine is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready to use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>5-Fluorouracil is a cytotoxic drug that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. It is used in combination therapy to treat cancer and is a pyrimidine analog. This drug inhibits the formation of thymidylate synthase from uracil. As a result, this leads to DNA and RNA synthesis inhibition and cell death.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of COX-2 and PDE4 enzymes; NSAID of coxib class</p>

<p>Malotilate is a pharmacological agent that is used to treat symptoms of hepatitis, bowel disease, and collagen diseases. This drug reduces collagen synthesis and cell migration activity of fibroblasts in vitro. It also has been shown to facilitate liver regeneration in rats.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of the Bruton tyrosine kinase</p>

<p>Medetomidine is a synthetic compound of the benzodiazepine class. It has a variety of pharmacological effects, including sedation and muscle relaxation, and is used in veterinary medicine as an anesthetic agent for animals. Medetomidine can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously. The drug crosses the blood-brain barrier to produce its sedative effect. This agent has been shown to be effective in inducing anesthesia in experimental animals with a wide range of body weights. Medetomidine has also been shown to have cardiovascular effects such as lowering systolic pressure and heart rate. Medetomidine HCl is soluble in water and trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).<br>Medetomidine HCl is rapidly hydrolyzed by esterases at physiological pH to medetomidinol (MTM) and then further metabolized by glucuronide conjugation to form medetominol glucuronide</p>

<p>Ramipril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of high blood pressure, congestive heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. Ramipril inhibits the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II by blocking ACE, which lowers blood pressure and reduces fluid retention.This product is part of our Bio-X ™ Range. These products are aimed at life science researchers who need high quality ready-to-use products for assay development, screening or other R&amp;D work. With a solubility datasheet and convenient vials, all of our Bio-X ™ products are in stock across our global warehouses for rapid delivery and ease of use.</p>

<p>K02288 is a small molecule inhibitor, which is derived from extensive chemical synthesis and compound screening techniques. It functions as a selective antagonist of the activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) pathway, specifically inhibiting Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily receptor signaling. This pathway is crucial in a variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, thereby making K02288 an important tool in cell signaling and cancer research.</p>

<p>Opioid receptor antagonist</p>

<p>Ketanserin is a 5-HT2A serotonin receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of hypertension. This drug is also used in research to study the serotonergic system. Ketanserin has been found to also block the vesicular monoamine transporter 2.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of PDE4 enzyme; anti-inflammatory</p>

<p>Antagonist of Wnt signalling pathway by inhibiting the activity of Porcn, a member of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) family. Porcn is required for the palmitoylation of Wnt, mediating its secretion and signalling. Inhibits self-renewal in embryonic stem cells, whilst promoting differentiation to epiblast stem cells.</p>

<p>Analeptic</p>