Antibiotics

3-(Trifluoromethyl)cinnamic acid (3-(3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl)acrylic acid) can be used to study drug-resistant bacterial infections.

<p>Rifaximin is a rifamycin antibiotic with action on bacterial RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription and is used for treating travelers' diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy.</p>

<p>Tebuconazole is a triazole fungicide with action on fungal cell membranes by inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and is used for controlling fungal diseases in crops like cereals and vegetables.</p>

<p>Tigecycline Impurity 8 is a chemical impurity associated with Tigecycline, which is a glycylcycline antibiotic. This impurity is typically synthesized or isolated as a part of pharmaceutical development and quality control processes. Its source is inherently linked to the chemical synthesis of Tigecycline, where it may arise as a byproduct or degradation product.</p>

<p>Nitrofurantoin is an antibiotic that binds to the bacterial ribosome and inhibits protein synthesis. It is used to treat a wide range of infections, including urinary tract infections and its common causes such as E. coli, Citrobacter and Enterococcus.</p>

<p>Cefoxitin EP Impurity F is a pharmaceutical reference impurity, which is a derivative of the cefoxitin antibiotic. This impurity arises from the degradation or synthesis processes related to cefoxitin, a semi-synthetic, beta-lactam antibiotic of the cephamycin group. The mode of action of cefoxitin involves interfering with bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Dihydrostreptomycin sesquisulfate, EP is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, structurally derived from Streptomyces griseus. This compound originates from microbial biosynthesis, a method which harnesses the natural antibiotic-producing capabilities of microbial cultures. The mode of action of dihydrostreptomycin sesquisulfate involves binding to the 30S subunit of bacterial ribosomes, which interrupts the process of protein synthesis, ultimately leading to bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Actinomycin D is an antibiotic commonly used in chemotherapy for cancer treatment, such as sarcomas, and pediatric solid tumors, Wilm’s tumor, testicular cancer, and choriocarcinoma; it is generally not very useful in antibiotic therapy. It acts as a transcription inhibitor, binding to DNA duplexes at the transcription initiation complex and preventing RNA polymerase elongation.</p>

<p>Gentamycin sulphate is the salt form of the broad-spectrum antibiotic gentamycin (a.k.a. gentamicin). Gentamycin is active against clinically relevant bacteria, such as: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and is used to fight infections from Staphylococcus, Citrobacter and Enterobacteriaceae species. Gentamycin is a natural mixture of four congeners, one of which is gentamicin C2a. Gentamycin has been included in biomedical implantable materials, such as, bone grafts, to reduce the risk of infection.</p>

<p>Ofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections like pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.</p>

<p>Ketolide; binds bacterial ribosomes and inhibits translation</p>

<p>Metronidazole is a nitroimidazole antibiotic with action on anaerobic bacteria and protozoa by disrupting DNA synthesis and is used for treating infections like bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and certain parasitic infections.</p>

<p>9-Deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homo erythromycin A is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the naturally occurring antibiotic erythromycin. This compound is structurally modified to enhance its pharmacokinetic properties and antibacterial spectrum. By altering the erythromycin molecule, 9-Deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homo erythromycin A introduces a nitrogen atom into the lactone ring, thereby modifying its interaction with bacterial ribosomes.</p>

<p>Ampicillin sodium is a broad-spectrum antibiotic, which is a semisynthetic derivative of penicillin. It is sourced from the natural fermentation products of Penicillium fungi, followed by chemical modification. Ampicillin functions by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. This is achieved through the irreversible binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which play a crucial role in constructing the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. This interruption of cell wall synthesis leads to cell lysis and ultimately the death of the bacteria.</p>

<p>A β-lactam antibiotic of monobactam subclass, which targets peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell wall. Aztreonam is effective against Gram-negative aerobic bacteria and is more resistant to β-lactamases than other β-lactam antibiotics.</p>

<p>Kanamycin B is a broad spectrum antibiotic active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, often used to treat eye infections. Compared to Kanamycin A, it exhibits stronger interaction with the acidic phospholipids.</p>

<p>Colistin sodium methanesulfonate is an antibiotic, which is a derivative of polymyxin E sourced from the bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa. Its mode of action involves disrupting the bacterial cell membrane by interacting with lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids, leading to cell death.</p>

<p>Sarafloxacin hydrochloride is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV and is used for treating bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

<p>Flucloxacillin sodium is a beta-lactam antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating skin, bone, and respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Cinoxacin is a quinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA synthesis inhibition and is used for treating urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a variety of bacterial infections. It is a polyketide antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes and preventing the attachment of amino acids to tRNA molecules thus inhibiting bacterial growth.</p>

<p>Capastat sulfate is an antibiotic with action against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by inhibiting protein synthesis and is used for treating tuberculosis.</p>

<p>Phleomycin HCl is an antibiotic compound derived from *Streptomyces verticillus*, which is known for its robust DNA-cleaving activity. As an antibiotic, it functions primarily by inducing breaks in DNA strands, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription processes. This mechanism of action is particularly effective in targeting rapidly dividing cells, making Phleomycin a valuable tool in molecular biology.</p>

<p>Dalbavancin is a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with action against gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA and is used for treating acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.</p>

<p>Gentamycin sulphate is the salt form of the broad-spectrum antibiotic gentamycin (a.k.a. gentamicin). Gentamycin is active against clinically relevant bacteria, such as: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and is used to fight infections from Staphylococcus, Citrobacter and Enterobacteriaceae species. Gentamycin is a natural mixture of four congeners, one of which is gentamicin C2a. Gentamycin has been included in biomedical implantable materials, such as, bone grafts, to reduce the risk of infection.</p>

<p>Chemotherapy for bladder cancer; semi-synthetic analog of doxorubicin</p>

<p>Amphotericin B is a macrocycle antibiotic first isolated from Streptomyces nodosus. Its antifungal activity is exerted by interacting with the fungal membrane, mainly ergosterol, and inducing pore formation. The increase in membrane permeability causes loss of ions and cell death. The C-2’ hydroxyl residue of the mycosamine carbohydrate moiety in the structure seems to have a major role in binding to ergosterol. It is used in cell culture to prevent growth of microbial contaminants, such as yeast and fungi. It is recommended by the WHO and CDC as an antifungal component for VTM at a concentration of 250ug/ml.</p>

<p>Nalidixic acid is a quinolone antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA replication and is used for treating urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.</p>

Rosaramicin butyrate is a macrolide antibiotic, which is derived from the fermentation of Streptomyces bacteria. With a mechanism of action that involves the inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis, it binds to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. This interference prevents the translocation step during protein translation, effectively halting the growth of susceptible bacterial strains.

<p>Teicoplanin is related to vancomycin and has similar effects against gram-positive bacteria and anaerobes, and usually requires less frequent administration than vancomycin, but it is less efficient against S. haemolyticus. Due its size and polarity, teicoplanin can’t pass through the membrane of gram-negative bacteria thus it is not active against them. It is used to treat severe infections such as septicemia, endocarditis, bone and joint infections.</p>

<p>Binds cyclophilin D and inhibits calcineurin; immunosuppressant</p>

<p>Daunorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic and antineoplastic agent that is used in the treatment of a variety of cancers such as nonlymphocytic leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia. The drug binds to DNA and inhibits transcription by intercalating between DNA base pairs and affecting the activity of the topoisomerase II enzyme and thus the gene expression. This results in apoptosis, mitochondrial injury, and finally cell death.</p>

<p>Valinomycin is an ionophore antibiotic with action on potassium ion transport across cell membranes and is used for research on ion transport and as an antimicrobial agent.</p>

<p>Anhydrooxytetracycline hydrochloride is a useful research chemical. Buy Anhydrooxytetracycline hydrochloride from Cymit Quimica for a variety of research applications.</p>

<p>Cefadroxil monohydrate is a hydrated form of cefadroxil with similar action and applications as cefadroxil.</p>

<p>Enduracidin hydrochloride is an antimicrobial compound, which is a lipopeptide antibiotic derived from the genus Streptomyces, specifically Streptomyces fungicidicus or Streptomyces roseosporus. The compound exerts its antimicrobial activity by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial cell walls, primarily targeting the lipid II cycle, a critical precursor in the peptidoglycan synthesis pathway. This inhibition disrupts the construction of peptidoglycan layers, ultimately leading to bacterial cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Mezlocillin is a ureidopenicillin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating gram-negative and anaerobic bacterial infections.</p>

<p>N-Demethyl roxithromycin is a metabolite of roxithromycin with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for research on macrolide antibiotics.</p>

<p>Cefadroxil is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections like strep throat, skin infections, and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; lincosamide class</p>

<p>Labeled analogue of Chloramphenicol; interferes with protein synthesis</p>

Ampicillin is a β-lactam antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Listeria monocytogenes. Ampicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins in the bacterial cell wall by competitive inhibition. It prevents the formation of an antibiotic-inhibitor complex with the enzyme cell wall synthesis that is required for cell wall biosynthesis, inhibiting protein synthesis and cell division.

<p>Colistin is a narrow-spectrum antibiotic efficient mostly against gram-negative bacteria. Colistin interacts with the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria and induces a transfer of divalent cations of calcium and magnesium from the negatively charged phosphate groups. This causes the disruption of the outer membrane and release of lipopolysaccharides. It is commonly used against Enterobacteriaceae and Aeromonas, and none-fermentative gram-negative bacteria as well as for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter strains.</p>

<p>Lomefloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic with a mode of action that inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. It is used for treating bacterial infections like bronchitis and urinary tract infections.</p>

<p>Clindamycin-2-phosphate is a lincosamide antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating serious bacterial infections like skin and respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Ticarcillin is a member of the beta-lactam family of antibiotics and has bactericidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas strains. Ticarcillin inhibits cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding protein (PBP) and blocking transpeptidase. It also has a C-terminal that can inhibit domain I and II beta-lactamases (namely, PEN2). The lactam ring in ticarcillin is cleaved by beta-lactamase, which makes it ineffective, thus ticarcillin is often combined with β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid.</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum antibiotic; bacterial cell wall biogenesis inhibitor</p>

<p>Dihydrostreptomycin B is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces griseus. This antibiotic operates by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis. The binding disrupts the decoding site, causing misreading of mRNA and ultimately resulting in bactericidal activity.</p>

<p>Amicoumacin B is a potent antibiotic, which is isolated from the bacterial species Bacillus pumilus. It acts by inhibiting protein synthesis, targeting the ribosomal 30S subunit and disrupting translational fidelity in bacterial cells. This interference in protein production leads to the effective elimination of various Gram-positive and certain Gram-negative bacteria.</p>

<p>Clindamycin hydrochloride - 94% is an antibiotic that belongs to the lincosamide class of antibiotics, derived from the bacterium Streptomyces lincolnensis. This compound functions predominantly as a bacterial protein synthesis inhibitor, exerting its effects by binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. This binding action disrupts the process of peptide chain elongation, thereby impeding the growth and proliferation of susceptible bacteria.</p>

<p>Geneticin is very efficient against gram-negative bacteria, however it is not applied for treating infections due to high renal toxicity. Geneticin and its resistance genes found application in the selection of transgenic cell lines including yeasts such as P. pastoris and S. serevisiae, other eukaryotic cell lines such as CHO or HEK293, but also plant cells and bacterial cells.</p>

<p>A broad-spectrum antibiotic of tetracycline class which inhibits protein synthesis by targeting the 30S ribosome subunit. It has been used in human medicine as well as in veterinary medicine and agriculture.</p>

<p>Cephalosporin antibiotic; interferes with cell wall biosynthesis</p>

<p>Broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent</p>

<p>N-Demethyl erythromycin A is a metabolite of erythromycin with narrow-spectrum antibiotic activity and is used for research on erythromycin derivatives.</p>

<p>Cefazaflur is a semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, which is derived from the mold Acremonium (formerly known as Cephalosporium). Its mode of action involves inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). This interference prevents the cross-linking of peptidoglycan chains, which is essential for bacterial cell wall structural integrity, ultimately leading to cell lysis and death.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; glycylcycline class</p>

<p>Binds to 70S ribosomal subunit; inhibits translocation and induces miscoding</p>

<p>Antibiotic of fluoroquinolone class; DNA replication inhibitor</p>

<p>b-Apo-oxytetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis.</p>

<p>Amrubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent, which is a synthetic anthracycline derivative derived from reductive amination. It functions primarily by intercalating into DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase II, an enzyme crucial to DNA replication. This mode of action disrupts DNA synthesis, leading to apoptosis in rapidly proliferating cancer cells.</p>

<p>Isomitomycin A is a naturally occurring microbial metabolite, which is isolated from certain strains of actinomycetes. It exhibits a unique mode of action by interfering with viral replication processes, effectively inhibiting the proliferation of various viral pathogens. The alkaloidal structure of Isomitomycin A allows it to integrate into nucleic acid processing pathways, eventually disrupting the function and synthesis of viral genomes.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of DNA synthesis; fluoroquinolone class</p>

<p>Inhibitor of RNA polymerases; inhibitor of HSP27-cytoskeleton interactions</p>

<p>A broad-spectrum antibiotic of cephalosporin class, which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting the penicillin-binding protein, involved in peptidoglycan synthesis. This third-generation cephalosporin is very active against Pseudomonas species and can also be used to treat bacterial meningitis as it penetrates in the cerebrospinal fluid.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of RNA synthesis</p>

<p>Cefiderocol is a siderophore cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis, particularly targeting multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria and is used for treating complicated urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired pneumonia.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; macrolide class</p>

<p>Ceftazidime is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating severe bacterial infections like pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis.</p>

<p>Albomitomycin A is an antibiotic compound, which is derived from the fermentation of specific Streptomyces species. This compound exhibits a unique mode of action by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacterial cells, specifically targeting the 30S ribosomal subunit. This interference with ribosomal function ultimately disrupts the production of essential proteins, leading to bacterial cell death.</p>

<p>Inhibits bacterial regulatory enzyme DNA gyrase</p>

<p>1,3-Di-HABA kanamycin A is a derivative of kanamycin A, an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections by blocking cell wall synthesis or by inhibiting protein synthesis.</p>

<p>Sulfasalazine is a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) with action on reducing inflammation and immune system activity and is used for treating rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.</p>

<p>Bacitracin is a polypeptide antibiotic and is used for the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly skin infections. It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis by inhibiting the dephosphorylation of bactoprenol.</p>

<p>β-lactam antibiotic of penicillin subclass, which inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by targeting the proteoglycan synthesis. Cloxacillin has a narrow spectrum of action and is effective against Gram-positive organisms. Cloxacillin is resistant to the action of β-lactamase and therefore preferentially used for treatment of Staphylococcal infections.</p>

<p>Grepafloxacin is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is derived from the chemical modification of natural quinolones. It acts by inhibiting bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. This inhibition disrupts DNA replication and transcription in bacteria, leading to cell death. The high affinity of grepafloxacin for these bacterial enzymes over human analogs makes it an effective antibacterial agent, specifically targeting the bacterial replication machinery.</p>

<p>Vulgamycin is a novel antibiotic, which is derived from a specific strain of soil bacteria belonging to the genus *Streptomyces*. This microorganism is known for its prolific secondary metabolite production, enabling the development of unique compounds with therapeutic potential. Vulgamycin operates by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, a mechanism of action that targets key enzymatic pathways, resulting in effective bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria.</p>

<p>Cefixime trihydrate is a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with action on bacterial cell wall synthesis and is used for treating infections like gonorrhea, urinary tract infections, and respiratory infections.</p>

<p>Dihydrostreptomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action on bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and is used for treating tuberculosis and bacterial infections in veterinary medicine.</p>

Neomycin EP impurity C (Neomycin C) trifluoroacetate is a reference standard, which is a meticulously characterized chemical impurity often used in pharmaceutical analysis. This compound is derived from the fermentation of *Streptomyces fradiae*, which produces a complex mixture of aminoglycoside antibiotics, including Neomycin B and Neomycin C.

<p>Pefloxacin is a mesylate prodrug that is converted to pefloxacin in the body. The optimum concentration for pefloxacin is 2 µg/mL, and it has been shown to be active against gram-positive bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Enterococcus faecalis. Pefloxacin has also been shown to inhibit the growth of human leukemia cells (HL-60) and drug interactions have been documented with this drug. Pefloxacin is not active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium complex.</p>

<p>Anthracycline is a class of chemotherapy drugs, which are anthraquinone antibiotics derived from the bacterial genus Streptomyces. They exert their therapeutic effects primarily through intercalation into DNA, disrupting the function of enzymes such as topoisomerase II, thus preventing the transcription and replication processes in rapidly dividing cancer cells. Furthermore, they generate free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage. These mechanisms collectively result in apoptosis of malignant cells. Anthracyclines are utilized extensively in oncology for the treatment of various malignancies, including leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, and sarcomas. The efficacy of anthracyclines in inhibiting tumor growth must be balanced against their cardiotoxic potential, which is a significant consideration in their clinical use. This dual nature makes them both pivotal and challenging in chemotherapy regimens, necessitating careful management and monitoring throughout treatment.</p>

<p>Clofazimine is a phenazine dye antibiotic with action on bacterial DNA interference and is used for treating leprosy and erythema nodosum leprosum.</p>

<p>Inhibitor of protein synthesis; macrolide class</p>