Toxins

<p>orcinol (5-Methylresorcin) is anxiolytic agent without sedative effect.</p>

<p>MS 049 is a potent, selective, and cell-active dual inhibitor of PRMT4 and PRMT6 with IC 50 of 34 nM and 43 nM, respectively.</p>

<p>Benzyl butyl phthalate (1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid) is used as a plasticizer for PVC.</p>

<p>Retro-2 (2-{[(5-methyl-2-thienyl)methylene]amino}) is a plant toxin ricin inhibitor, it protects HeLa cells against Ricin, Stx1 and Stx2.</p>

<p>Spirostan-3-ol, a saponin isolate with potential anti-cancer properties, is a Sarsasapogenin stereoisomer.</p>

<p>Seneciphylline: hepatotoxic, mutagenic in Drosophila, passes into rat milk, affects key enzymes in rats.</p>

<p>Deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, causes reversible hind limb rigidity in rats and is used for crop protection and disease control.</p>

<p>Isopimaric acid is a natural diterpene resin acid, which is derived primarily from the oleoresin of coniferous trees, specifically from the genus Pinus. It is a constituent of the resin exuded by pine trees and is often obtained through the distillation or extraction of pine resin.</p>

<p>D-Tubocurarine chloride is a neuromuscular blocking agent, which is a naturally occurring alkaloid derived from the bark and stems of Chondrodendron tomentosum, a plant native to South America. This compound functions by competitively binding to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, inhibiting acetylcholine from transmitting nerve impulses to muscles. The result is skeletal muscle relaxation, which is crucial during surgical procedures where muscle paralysis is required for intubation or to ensure the absence of movement.</p>

<p>Picrotoxinin is a sesquiterpene lactone, which is a naturally occurring compound derived from the seeds of plants in the Annonaceae family, specifically the species Anamirta cocculus. This compound plays a critical role as a non-competitive antagonist at the GABA_A receptor, interfering with the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central nervous system by blocking the associated chloride ion channel.</p>

<p>GABA(A) channel blocker</p>

<p>Joro spider toxin is a neurotoxic peptide, which is derived from the venom of the Joro spider (Trichonephila clavata). This toxin specifically targets neuronal ion channels and acts by modifying their activity, which can lead to alterations in neurotransmission processes. The mode of action involves binding to specific ion channel sites, altering their conformation and function, thereby affecting ionic conductance across neuronal membranes.</p>

<p>Hirudin is a potent anticoagulant protein, which is a naturally occurring compound sourced from the salivary glands of medicinal leeches, specifically *Hirudo medicinalis*. It functions by directly inhibiting thrombin, a key enzyme in the blood coagulation process, thereby preventing fibrin formation and subsequent clot development. Hirudin achieves its effects by binding to both the active site and the exosite of thrombin, effectively neutralizing its coagulative activity.</p>

<p>Destruxin A is a cyclodepsipeptide, which is a specialized secondary metabolite originating from the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae. This bioactive compound exerts its effects through a multifaceted mode of action, primarily disrupting ion channels and perturbing cellular homeostasis within insect hosts. The interference with calcium and potassium ion fluxes leads to paralysis and ultimately death of the targeted pests, making it an effective biocontrol agent. Destruxin A holds significant potential in integrated pest management programs, particularly in agriculture, where it offers a sustainable alternative to synthetic chemical pesticides. Its specificity to insect physiology ensures minimal impacts on non-target organisms, promoting ecological balance. Studies continue to explore its application spectrum and effectiveness, seeking to optimize its deployment in various pest-infested environments, including crops and stored products.</p>

<p>Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor</p>

<p>Fusarenon X is a mycotoxin, which is a secondary metabolite produced by certain species of the Fusarium fungi. This compound is primarily derived from Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium crookwellense, which are fungi commonly found in various cereal grains, particularly in temperate regions.</p>